articles

An article is a word that is put next to a noun to indicate the type of reference being made to the noun. It usually indicates Definiteness (grammar)definiteness.Articles can have various functions:

a ''definite article'' (English languageEnglish ''the'') indicates that the noun refers to a specific thing that the speaker has in mind (''The chair was broken'')

an ''indefinite article'' (English ''A, ana'', ''A, anan'') indicates that the noun refers to something of the kind, but the particular instance is not important (''A chair was broken'').

a ''zero article'' is an unpronounced article present in some languages. Linguists hypothesize the presence of the zero article based on the X-bar theory.

a ''partitive article'' indicates an indefinite quantity of a mass noun; there is no partitive article in English, though the words ''some'' or ''any'' often have that function. An example is French languageFrench ''du'' / ''de la'', as in ''Voulez-vous du café ?'' ("Do you want some coffee?")Some languagelanguages such as Swahili rarely use articles, indicating such distinctions in other ways or not at all. Some other languages, including Latin, Chinese languageChinese, Japanese languageJapanese, Russian languageRussian, Tamil languageTamil and Thai languageThai do not have them at all and definiteness may be indicated by words meaning "one" and "that" or by word order.Other languages, including Welsh languageWelsh and Hebrew languageHebrew and the constructed languages Esperanto or Ido, have definite articles, but no indefinite articles. For example, in Welsh, ''the house'' is ''y tŷ'', while ''a house'' is ''tŷ''.In the history of many languages, definite articles formerly were demonstrative pronouns or adjectives; compare the evolution of the Latin demonstrative ''ille'' in the Romance languages, becoming French ''le'', Spanish languageSpanish ''el'', and Italian languageItalian ''il'', while indefinite articles originate or are same as the numeral for ''one''.Many European languages that have grammatical gender usually have their article agree with the gender of the noun (French ''le'' 'the' masculine, ''la'' feminine). Articles in several languages also change according to the number of the noun. In French, since the plural forms marked on nouns often no longer affect pronunciation, the article marks the grammatical numbernumber of the noun.When homonyms have a different gender in these languages, the articles can differentiate them, as in Spanish languageSpanish, where ''la cólera'' (feminine) is "anger" and ''el cólera'' (masculine) is "cholera", or German languageGerman, where ''die Steuer'' (feminine) is "the tax" and ''das Steuer'' (neuter) is "the steering-wheel", or Swedish (language)Swedish, where ''en plan'' (common) is "a plan" and ''ett plan'' (neuter) is "a plane (mathematics)plane". The use of articles may vary between languages. For example, French uses its definite article in cases where English uses no article, such as in general statements about a mass noun: ''Le maïs est un grain'' ("Maize is a grain").Both ancient Greekancient and modern Greekmodern Greek languageGreek use the definite article with proper names: Polytonicὁ !Ἰησο̰ 6;ς? ''ho Iēsoûs'' ("the Jesus"), and, optionally, before both a noun and each of its adjectives: Polytonicὁ πατὴρ ὁ !ἀγαθό ;ς? ''ho patēr ho agathós'' (literally, "the father the good"; naturally, "the good father"). In Portuguese languagePortuguese, proper names are preceded by an article, except if language is formal ''and'' there is no title before the name. Similarly, in German colloquial speech you may say "Ich habe mit der Claudia gesprochen" (literally, "I have with the Claudia spoken"); also, in colloquial northern Italian, phrases like "Ho parlato col Marco" ("I have spoken with the Marco) are common, and Catalan languageCatalan grammar prescribes constructions such as ''He parlat amb la Gemma'' (lit. "I have spoken with the Gemma").By the same token, the words used as English articles have other grammatical functions. See A, an.In Scandinavian languages, the definite article can be a suffix. In Swedish, ''planen'' is "the plan", and ''planet'' is "the plane", and a double definite article is possible, in which a free-standing article (''det'', ''den'', ''de'') and the definite article suffix are used together (''det vita planet'' "the white plane"). Curiously, ''planen'' is also the plural definite form for the neuter "the planes". Several languages on the Balkans also use suffixes for articles. This is regarded as an effect of the Balkan linguistic union#Postposed_articleBalkan linguistic union. For example, in Romanian languageRomanian, ''consulul'' is 'the consul'. Macedonian languageMacedonian and Bulgarian languageBulgarian share the pattern; for example, ''drvo'' means "tree", while ''drvoto'' means "the tree" (''durvo'' and ''durvoto'' in Bulgarian).

''The'', the English grammatical article - ''Main article: The''The word ''the'' functions primarily as the definite grammatical article in English. ''The'' and ''that'' are common developments from the same Old English languageOld English system. Old English had a definite article ''se'', in the masculine gender, ''seo'', feminine, and ''þæt'', neuter. These words functioned both as demonstrative pronouns and as grammatical articles. In Middle English these had all fallen together into ''þe'', the ancestor of the Modern English word.Because the word ''the'' is common in movie and book titles, they are placed invertedly, such as ''Grudge, The'', for convenience when looking for a title.In some northern British dialects of English, "the" is pronounced as t, usually written in dialect dialogue as t'. In some of those dialects, "the" weakened until it disappeared, for example ''"veterinarianVet left some stuff to treat cow, and charged more than cow is worth."''.

Usage - ''The following discussion is meant to give pointers in the uses of the grammatical articles the and a for non-native speakers.''When using English, ''the'' can be thought of as similar to a little computer cursor. Where the cursor is resting, one's attention also rests. The chair ...'':It is customary to focus on the word following the word ''the'' with the questions 'who', 'where', 'when', 'why', 'what', 'how', and then wait for the rest of the sentence, which should complete the meaning.The chair is ...'':Now it gets interesting - ''is'' implies NOW, so the listener should pay attention for a current event!The chair is broken.'':The sentence is completed; the listener sits on that specific chair at his own peril.In a sentence "__ John was lying on the chair" the noun phrase "__ John" is said to have a zero article rather than no article. Compare to "A book was lying on a chair", here the noun phrase "a book" clearly has an article. Thus it is logical to assume that a noun phrase "___ John" should have an article as !well.Category:GrammarCategory: linguisticsSee? also: DeterminerCategory:Parts of speechde:Artikel (Wortart)it:Articolo !(grammaticale)lt:Artikelisnl:L idwoordja:冠詞pl:Przedimekpt :Artigosv:Artikel? !(grammatik)ru:Артикльzh :冠词 DEBUG REDIRECT (article)

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