Dictionary
the branch of computer science that deal with writing computer programs that can solve problems creatively "workers in AI hope to imitate or duplicate intelligence in computers and robots"
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Wikipedia
Artificial intelligence ( AI) is defined as intelligence (trait) intelligence exhibited by an artificial (''non-natural'', ''manufactured'') entity. Such a system is generally assumed to be a computer.Although AI has a strong science fiction connotation, it forms a vital branch of computer science, dealing with intelligent behavior, learning and adaptation in machines. Research in AI is concerned with producing useful machines to automate human tasks requiring intelligent behavior. Examples include: answering questions about products for customers, handwriting recognition, speech recognition, and face recognition in Closed-circuit televisionCCTV cameras. As such, it has become an engineering discipline, focused on providing solutions to practical problems. AI methods were used to schedule units in the first Gulf War, and Defense Advanced Research Projects AgencyDARPA stated that the costs saved by the efficiency of AI have repaid the US government's entire investment in AI research since the 1950s. AI systems are now in routine use in many businesses, hospitals and military units around the world, as well as being built into many common home computer software applications and video games.
Schools of thought - AI divides roughly into two schools of thought: Conventional AI and computational intelligenceComputational Intelligence (CI). Conventional AI mostly involves methods now classified under Machine learning, characterised by formalism & statistical analysis. This is also known as symbolic AI, logical AI, Neatsneat AI and GOFAIGood Old Fashioned Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI). (Also see semantics.) Methods include:Expert systems: apply reasoning capabilities to reach a conclusion. An expert system can process large amounts of known information and provide conclusions based on them. Clippy the Microsoft Office paperclip is an example.Case based reasoningBayesian networksComputational Intelligence involves iterative learning of connectionist system parameter tuning, based on empirical data. This is also known as non-symbolic AI, Scruffiesscruffy AI or soft computing. Methods are:Neural networks: systems with very strong pattern recognition capabilities.Fuzzy systems: techniques for reasoning under uncertainty, has been widely used in modern industrial and consumer product control systems.Evolutionary computation: applies biologically inspired concepts such as populations, mutation and survival of the fittest such as genetic algorithms and ant colony optimisationant algorithms to generate increasingly better solutions to the problem. These methods most notable devides into:*Evolutionary algorithm*Swarm intelligence
History - ''Main article: History of artificial intelligence''
Philosophy - ''Main article: Philosophy of artificial intelligence''
The debates on weak AI vs. strong AI is still a hot topic amongst AI philosophers. This involves philosophy of mind and the mind-body problem. Most notably Roger PenrosePenrose, in his book The Emperor's New Mind and John SearleSearle with his Chinese room exercise, argue that true consciousness can not be achieved by formal logic systems, while Douglas HofstadterHofstadter in Gödel, Escher, BachGEB and Daniel DennettDennett in Consciousness Explained argue in favour of Functionalism (philosophy of mind)Functionalism. In many strong AI supporters’ opinion artificial consciousness is considered as the list of holy grailsholy grail of artificial intelligence.
Science fiction - In science fiction AI is commonly portrayed as an upcoming power trying to overthrow human authority as in HAL 9000, Skynet, Colossus: The Forbin Project Colossus, or The Matrix or as service humanoids like C-3PO, Data (Star Trek)Data, or the Bicentennial Man. The inevitability of AI world domination is also argued by some science writers like Isaac AsimovAsimov and Kevin WarwickWarwick.See List of fictional computersfictional computers & List of fictional robots and androidsfictional robots.
Applications - Typical problems in which AI methods are applied include: pattern recognition*optical character recognitionOCR*handwriting recognition*speech recognition*face recognition natural language processing & chatterbotsnon-linear control & roboticscomputer vision & game theory game AI & computer game botgame bots
Expectations of AI - AI methods are often employed in cognitive science research, which tries to model subsystems of human cognition. Historically, AI researchers aimed for the loftier goal of so-called strong AI—of simulating complete, human-like intelligence. This goal is epitomised by the fictional strong AI computer HAL 9000 in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey. This goal is unlikely to be met in the near future and is no longer the subject of most serious AI research. The label "AI" has something of a bad name due to the failure of these early expectations, and aggravation by various popular science writers and media personalities such as Professor Kevin Warwick whose work has raised the expectations of AI research far beyond its current capabilities. For this reason, many AI researchers say they work in cognitive science, informatics, statistical inference or information engineering. Recent research areas include Bayesian networks and artificial life.The vision of artificial intelligence replacing human professional judgment has arisen many times in the history of the field, and today in some specialized areas where "expert systems" are routinely used to augment or to replace professional judgment in some areas of engineering and of medicine.Even though a substantial amount of AI functionality exists in everyday software, some misinformed commentators on computer technology have tried to suggest that a good definition of AI would be "research that has not yet been commercialised". This happens because when AI gets incorporated into an os or application it becomes an understated feature.
AI languages and programming styles - AI research has led to many advances in programming languages including the first list processing language by Allen Newell ''et. al.'', Lisp programming languageLisp dialects, Planner programming languagePlanner, Actor modelActors, the Scientific Community Metaphor, Rete algorithmproduction systems, and Rule enginerule-based languages.GOFAI TEST research is often done in programming languages such as Prolog or Lisp programming languageLisp.Bayesian work often uses Matlab or Lush programming languageLush (a numerical dialect of Lisp). These languages include many specialist probabilistic libraries. Real-life and especially real-time systems are likely to use C plus plusC++. AI programmers are often academics and emphasise rapid development and prototyping rather than bulletproof software engineering practices, hence the use of interpreted languages to empower rapid command-line testing and experimentation.The most basic AI program is a single Logical conditional If-Then statement, such as "If A, then B." If you type an 'A' letter, the computer will show you a 'B' letter. Basically, you are teaching a computer to do a task. You input one thing, and the computer responds with something you told it to do or say. All programs have If-Then logic. A more complex example is if you type in "Hello.", and the computer responds "How are you today?" This response is not the computer's own thought, but rather a line you wrote into the program before. Whenever you type in "Hello.", the computer always responds "How are you today?". It seems as if the computer is alive and thinking to the casual observer, but actually it is an automated response. AI is often a long series of If-Then (or Cause and Effect) statements.A randomizer can be added to this. The randomizer creates two or more response paths. For example, if you type "Hello", the computer may respond with "How are you today?" or "Nice weather" or "Would you like to play a game?" Three responses (or 'thens') are now possible instead of one. There is an equal chance that any one of the three responses will show. This is similar to a pull-cord talking doll that can respond with a number of sayings. A computer AI program can have 1,000s of responses to the same input. This makes it less predictable and closer to how a real person would respond, because a living person would respond unpredictably. When 1,000s of input ("if") are written in (not just "Hello.") and 1,000s of responses ("then") written into the AI program, then the computer can talk (or type) with most people, if those people know the If statement input lines to type.Many games, like chess and strategy games, use action responses instead of typed responses, so that players can play against the computer. Robots with AI brains would use If-Then statements and randomizers to make decisions and speak. However, the input may be a sensed object in front of the robot instead of a "Hello." line, and the response may be to pick up the object instead of a response line.''
AI researchers, research projects and institutions - :Category:Artificial intelligence researchersList of AI researchersList of Artificial Intelligence projectsList of AI projectsList of important publications in computer science#Artificial intelligenceList of important AI publicationsai-consortium.com - AI Consortiumaaai.org - American Association for Artificial Intelligenceeccai.org - European Coordinating Committee for Artificial Intelligencewww1.cs.columbia.edu - The Association for Computational Linguisticsdotmotive.com - Artificial Intelligence Student Uniondfki.de - German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, DFKIauai.org - Association for Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligencesinginst.org - Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligenceaisb.org.uk - The Society for the Study of AI and Simulation of Behaviouragiri.org - AGIRI - Artificial General Intelligence Research Institute
See also - Bio-inspired computingCyberneticsHybrid intelligent systemIntelligent agentIntelligent controlRaj Reddy's AAAI paper (aaai.org?) for a comprehensive review of real-world AI systems in deployment today
External links - cs.berkeley.edu - University of California at Berkeley AI Resources links to 868 AI resource pages loebner.net - Loebner Prize website nabble.com - Artificial Intelligence Forum purl.net - AIWiki - a wiki devoted to AI. dmoz.org - AI web category on Open Directory commonsense.media.mit.edu - OpenMind CommonSense "Teaching computers the stuff we all know" geocities.com - Heuristics and AI in finance and investment sourceforge.net - SourceForge Open Source AI projects - 1139 projects aaai.org - Ethical and Social Implications of AI en Computerization ? cs.unm.edu - AI algorithm implementations and demonstrations web.media.mit.edu - Marvin Minsky's Homepage ai.mit.edu - MIT's AI Lab isi.edu - AI research group at Information Sciences Institute !metainformaciones.blogspot.com - Why Programming is a Good Medium for Expressing Poorly Understood and Sloppily Formulated Ideas aiknow.net - aiKnow: Cognitive Artificial Intelligence alanturing.net - What is Artificial Intelligence? plato.stanford.edu - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Logic and Artificial Intelligence techbookreport.com - TechBookReport Book reviews related to AI, machine learning and complexity theory ai-junkie.com - AI-Junkie: Genetic Algorithm and Neural Network tutorials salon.com - Hello, Are You Human?Category:Computer scienceCategory:Artificial !intelligencebg:Из& #1082;уст 074;ен? !инте&# 1083;ектca:I ntel·ligència? artificialcs:Umělá inteligenceda:Kunstig intelligensde:Künstliche Intelligenzes:Inteligencia !artificialet:Tehisintellektfa: هوش? !مصنو&# 1593;یfr:Intelligence? artificiellehr:Umjetna inteligencijaid:Kecerdasan Buatanit:Intelligenza !artificialehe:בי&# 1504;ה? !מלאכ&# 1493;תיתko:& #51064;공? 지능ms:Kecergasan Buatannl:Kunstmatige !intelligentieja:人ॣ 7;知能no:Kunstig? intelligenspl:Sztuczna inteligencjapt:Inteligência !artificialru:Ис 082;уссm 0;венн ый? !инте&# 1083;лек
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Websites
Nicolas Anatol Baginsky, Sculptor
Website of N.A.Baginsky. Sculptor, musician, photographer, focused upon robotic art, kinetic art, neural networks and autonomous systems that create for example music.
http://www.baginsky.de/
Knowledge-Based Engineering and Artificial Intelligence Applications
IntelliGineering Corp. provides Knowledge-Based Engineering and Artificial Intelligence applications, and web application development, for Business and Industry. Also training and seminars in these fields.
http://www.intelligineering.com/
ISNM International School of New Media at the University of Lübeck
The ISNM offers a unique interdisciplinary Master of Science (M.Sc.) in Digital Media program, which combines information technology and computer science with natural sciences, economics, arts, humanities, social and applied sciences. The internationally accredited program is entirely conducted in English. It focuses on the latest trends of digital media technology and their sustainable use in a global context.
http://www.isnm.de
Eloisa Project
The Eloisa Project proposes the virtual interlocutor as an innovative solution for the problem of linguistic preservation and resuscitation. Eloisa is the first authonomous, multi-lingual, multi-channel system for man-machine dialogue, accessible on a global scale: we call this system the Dialogue Engine, because of its ability to generate movement (information in movement), thanks to the fuel contained in its own KBS (knowledge-base). In the Dialogue Engine the classic Alan Turing's game of the imitation is replaced by a modern game of the interview (F. Lentini, 1997), in which nobody has to show nothing: it stays the pure and simple messaging. Messages originates from Eloisa, a virtual interlocutor that lives in a totally operational and positive dimension, inside wich we would be transparent and communicative. Then, a conversation with Eloisa represents the only opportunity that we have to throw a look on the world beyond the screen.
http://www.eloisa.it/
zang.org
William Huber's occassional notes on new media, culture, ludology, and related topics.
http://www.zang.org/
McCabe's Artificially Intelligent Tipper
Regular tips and archived results for the MAIT system, including English Premier League, horse racing, rugby and more.
http://www.mymait.com/
MIT - Artificial Intelligence Lab
Aiming to understand the nature of intelligence, to engineer systems that exhibit such intelligence by utilising vision, language, an in particular robotics.
http://www.ai.mit.edu
American Association for Artificial Intelligence
"Nonprofit scientific society devoted to advancing the scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying thought and intelligent behavior and their embodiment in machines."
http://www.aaai.org
SRI's Artificial Intelligence Center
Founded in 1966, the center's objectives are to understand the computational principles underlying intelligence in man and machines and to develop methods for building computer-based systems to solve problems, to communicate with people, and to perceive and interact with the physical world.
http://www.ai.sri.com/
University of Edinburgh - Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute
Information about the group, its people, technologies, publications, events, clients, projects, employment opportunities.
http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk
A.I. Artificial Intelligence
Official site. Includes discussion boards, background information on artificial intelligence, interactive features and news about the film.
http://aimovie.warnerbros.com/
University of California - Berkeley
Computer Science Division
http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/
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