blues

Dictionary


  • a type of folksong that originated among Black Americans at the beginning of the 20th century
  • has a melancholy sound from repeated use of blue notes a state of depression
  • "he had a bad case of the blues"

    • Wikipedia


    Blues color=#0000E1 bgcolor=blue stylistic_origins=African American spiritual (music)spirituals and work songs cultural_origins=music of West AfricaWest African music, brought by slaves to 19th century Southern United States, especially the Mississippi Delta instruments=Guitar - Piano - Harmonica - Bass guitarBass - Drums - Saxophone - Vocals popularity=In its pure form, very strong; a highly influential music genre derivatives=jazz, Rhythm and bluesR&B, Rock and rollrock, Soul musicsoul, hip hop musichip hop subgenrelist=List of genres of the blues subgenres=Classic female blues - Country blues - Delta blues - Jazz blues - Jump blues - Piano blues - Boogie-woogie (music)Boogie-woogie fusiongenres=Blues-rock - Soul blues regional_scenes=African blues - Atlanta blues - British blues - Chicago blues - Detroit blues - East Coast blues - European blues - Kansas City blues (music)Kansas City blues - Louisiana blues - Memphis blues - New Orleans blues - Piedmont blues - St. Louis blues - Swamp blues - Texas blues - West Coast blues other_topics=List of genres of the bluesGenres - List of blues musiciansMusicians - Origins of the bluesOrigins - Blues scale For other uses, see blues (disambiguation)Blues is a vocal music vocal and instrumental music form often based on the twelve bar bluestwelve-bar chord progression. Blues emerged in the African-American community of the United States and evolved from West African spiritual (music)spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants and has its earliest stylistic roots in West Africa. The form has been a major influence on later American and Western popular music, finding expression in ragtime, jazz, big bands, rhythm and blues, rock and roll and country music, as well as conventional pop songs and even modern European classical musicclassical music refblueseffect .multi-listen start multi-listen item filename=Train.ogg title=Blues music sample description=''Train'', an instrumental blues harmonica song recorded in Texas, 1939 (2 mins 8 secs). format=Ogg multi-listen end

    Characteristics - There are few characteristics common to all blues, as the style takes its shape from the peculiarities of each individual performance refnoabsolute . Some characteristics, however, have been a presence since prior to the creation of the modern blues, and are common to most styles of African American music. The earliest blues-like music was a "functional expression, rendered in a call and response (music)call-and-response style without accompaniment or harmony and unbounded by the formality of any particular musical structure" refpre-blues . This pre-blues music was adapted from the field shouts and hollers performed during slave times, expanded into "simple solo songs laden with emotional content" reforigins .Many of these blues elements, such as the call-and-response format, can be traced back to the music of Africa; author Sylviane Diouf has pointed to several specific traits, like the use of melisma and a wavy, nasal intonation, that suggest a connection between the Muslim music of West Africa and the blues refMuslimmusic . The blues can be seen as based on European ideas of harmonic structure, with the African call-and-response transformed into the interplay of the singing and the guitar refinterplay .Blues later adopted elements from the "Ethiopian airs" of minstrel shows and Negro spirituals, including instrumental and harmonic accompaniment refbluesevolution . The style was also closely related to ragtime, which developed at about the same time, though the blues better preserved "the original melodic patterns of African music" refragtimeblues . , a Delta blues singer, is generally held responsible for the standardization of the 12-bar blues.]]Songs from this period had many different structures, although the twelve bar bluestwelve-, eight-bar blueseight-bar, or sixteen bar bluessixteen-bar structure based on tonic chordtonic, subdominant chordsubdominant and dominant chorddominant chords became the most common refbarschords . Melodically, blues music is marked by the use of the lowered third and dominant seventh (so-called blue notes) of the associated major scale refbluenotes . The use of blue notes, as well as the prominence of call-and-response patterns in the music and lyrics, are indicative of the blues' West African pedigree.What is now recognizable as the standard 12-bar blues form is documented from oral history and sheet music as appearing in African-American communities throughout the region along the lower Mississippi River during the decade of the 1900s (and performed by white bands in New Orleans at least since 1908). One of these early sites of blues evolution was along Beale Street in Memphis, Tennessee.

    Lyrics - Early blues frequently took the form of a loose narrative, often with the singer voicing his or her "personal woes in a world of harsh reality: a lost love, the cruelty of police officers, oppression at the hands of white folk, hard times" reflyrics . Many of the oldest blues records contain gritty, realistic lyrics, in contrast to much of the music being recorded at the time. One of the more extreme examples, "Down in the Alley" by Memphis Minnie, is about a prostitutionprostitute having sex with men in an alley. Music such as this was called ''gut-bucket blues''. The term ''gut-bucket'' refers to a type of home-made bass instrument.Gut-bucket blues and the rowdy juke-joint venues where it often was played earned early blues an unsavory reputation. Proper, church-going people shunned it, and preachers railed against it as sinful. And because it often treated the hardships and injustices of life, the blues gained an association in some quarters with misery and oppression, however it was some of America's first socially aware music. But the blues was about more than hard times; it could be humorous and raunchy as well. :Rebecca, Rebecca, get your big legs off of me,:Rebecca, Rebecca, get your big legs off of me,:It may be sending you baby, but it's worrying the hell out of me.Author Ed Morales has claimed that Yoruba mythology played a part in early blues, citing Robert Johnson's "Crossroads" as a "thinly veiled reference to Eleggua, the orisha in charge of the crossroads" reforisha .The original lyrical form of the blues was probably a single line, repeated three times. It was only later that the standard stanza of a line, repeated once and then followed by a single line conclusion, became standard. This form was called the twelve-bar blues reflyricalform :Woke up this morning with the blues all in my bed:Yes, I woke up this morning with the blues all in my bed:Fixed my breakfast, the blues was all in my breadIn addition to the conventional twelve-bar blues, there are many blues in 8-bar form, such as "How Long Blues," "Trouble in Mind," and Big Bill Broonzy's "Key to the Highway." There are also 16-bar blues, as in Ray Charles's instrumental, "Sweet 16 Bars".

    Musical style - The basic twelve-bar lyric framework of a blues composition is reflected by a twelve bar bluesstandard harmonic progression of twelve bars, in 4/4 or 2/4 !time::Tonic/subdominant/tonic/ tonic//? !subdominant/subdominant/tonic/ tonic//? !dominant/subdominant/tonic/ton ic-dominant.? The lyrics generally end on the last beat of the tenth bar or the first beat of the eleventh bar, and the final two bars are given to the instrumentalist as a break; the harmony of this two-bar break can be extremely complex, sometimes consisting of single notes that defy analysis in terms of chords. The final beat, however, is almost always strongly grounded in the dominant seventh (V7), to provide tension for the next verse. Musicians sometimes refer to twelve-bar blues as "B-flat" blues because it is the traditional pitch of the tenor sax, trumpet/cornet, clarinet and trombone. " (1914)]]Even more characteristic of blues is the melodic scale. While the twelve-bar harmonic progression had been intermittently used for centuries, the revolutionary aspect of blues was the frequent use of the flatted third and flatted seventh, and even flatted fifth, in the melody, together with techniques of crushing (playing directly adjacent notes at the same time, i.e. diminished second) and sliding (similar to using grace notes) refMozart . A classical musician will generally play a grace note distinctly, however, a blues singer or harmonica player will glissando; a pianist or guitarist might crush the two notes and then release the grace note. Blues harmonies also use the subdominant major-minor seventh, and the tonic major-minor seventh is often used in place of the tonic.Blues is occasionally played in a minor key. The scale differs little from the traditional minor, except for the occasional use of a flatted fifth in the tonic, often crushed by the singer or lead instrument with the major fifth in the harmony. Janis Joplin's rendition of "Ball and Chain", accompanied by Big Brother and the Holding Company, provides a recent example of this technique. Also, minor-key blues is most often structured in sixteen bars rather than twelve -- e.g "St. James Infirmary Blues" and Trixie Smith's "My Man Rocks Me" -- and was often influenced by evangelical religious music.The blues chords (also named twelve-bar blues) are typically a set of three differents chords played over a twelve bar scheme::I - I - I - I:IV - IV - I - I:V - IV - I - I That would mean, if we're playing in the tonality of F, the chords would be as follow::F - F - F - F:Bb - Bb - F - F:C - Bb - F - FNote that most of the time, every chord is played in the dominant seventh (7th) form.Frequently, the last chord is the fifth degree (V) or C in this case.

    Dance - Blues is sometimes danced as an informal type of swing dancing with no fixed patterns and a heavy focus on connection (dance)connection, sensuality and improvisation, often with body contact (dance)body contact. However, most blues dance moves are inspired by traditional blues dancing. Although usually done to blues music, it can be done to any slow tempoed 4/4 music, including "club" music.

    History - Blues has evolved from the sparse music of poor black laborers into a wide variety of complex styles and subgenres, spawning regional variations across the United States and, later, Europe, Africa and elsewhere. What is now considered "blues" as well as what is now "country music" both arose at approximately the same time and place. Both recorded blues and country can be traced to the 1920s, when the popular record industry developed and created marketing categories called "race music" and "hillbilly music" to sell music by and for blacks and whites respectively. At the time, there was no clear musical division between "blues" and "country", except for the race of the performer, and even that was sometimes incorrectly documented by the record companies refbluescountry . See also: Origins of the blues.When the blues was first recorded, there were two major divisions, one being a traditional rural country blues and the other a diverse set of more polished ''city blues'' or ''urban blues''. Country blues was often unaccompanied, or performed with only a banjo or guitar, and was highly-improvised, while the city blues was much more codified and ornate refcountrycity . Later, the blues evolved into a bewildering array of styles, some of which had a formative influence on other kinds of American popular music, most importantly including jazz and rock and roll.

    Pre-war blues - Flush with the success of appropriating the ragtime craze for commercial gain, the American sheet music publishing industry wasted no time in pursuing similar commercial success with the blues. In 1912, three popular blues-like compositions were published, precipitating the Tin Pan Alley adoption of blues elements: "Baby Seals' Blues" by Arthur Seals, "Dallas Blues" by Hart Wand and Memphis Blues" by W. C. Handy ref1912 . Handy went on to become a very popular composer, and billed himself as the "Father of the Blues", though his compositions are only debatably blues at all refHandypseudoblues ; they can be described as a fusion of blues with ragtime and jazz, a merger facilitated using the Latin habanera rhythm that had long been a part of ragtime refhabanera . was an influential blues singer and guitarist known as the "King of Ragtime Guitar"]]In the 1920s, the blues became a major element of American popular music. With the rise of the recording industry, there was increased popularity of country blues singers and guitarists like Blind Lemon Jefferson, Lonnie Johnson, Son House and Blind Blake. Jefferson was one of the few country blues performers to widely record, and may have been the first to record the slide guitar style, in which a guitar is fretted with a knife blade, the sawed-off neck of a liquor bottle, or other implement; the slide guitar went on to become an important part of the Delta blues refLemonJefferson .There were many regional styles of country blues in the early 20th century, of which a few became especially important. The Delta blues was a rootsy style of country blues, accompanied most typically by slide guitar and harmonica, characterized by a sparse style and passionate vocalization. The most influential performer of this style is usually said to be Robert Johnson,refRJohnson who was little recorded but combined elements of both urban and rural blues in a unique manner. Along with Robert Johnson, major artists of this style are Charley Patton and Son House. Aside from the Delta blues, Southeast "delicate and lyrical" Piedmont blues tradition was also important, best represented by people like Blind Willie McTell and Blind Boy Fuller refPiedmontblues . was a very famous early blues singer in an urban style.]]Urban male performers included one of the most popular black musicians of the era, Big Bill Broonzy, and Leroy Carr, who made the unusual choice to accompany himself on the piano to some acclaim refCarr . However, classic female bluesclassic female urban blues singers were extremely popular in the 1920s, among them Mamie Smith, Gertrude Ma RaineyGertrude "Ma" Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Victoria Spivey. These women were among the first major musical stars in the country, having begun their recording careers beginning in 1923. Bessie Smith is perhaps the most well-known and respected of these women, and was known as one of the top performers of the day, and was called the "Empress of the Blues" refBessieSmith ; her mentor, Ma Rainey, was similarly respected and is called the "Mother of Blues". Both performers used a "method of singing each song around centre tones, perhaps in order to project her voice more easily to the back of a room", while Smith "would also choose to sing a song in an unusual key, and her artistry in bending and stretching notes with her beautiful, powerful contralto to accommodate her own interpretation was unsurpassed" refSmithRainey . Another important style of 1930s and early 40s urban blues was boogie-woogie (music)boogie-woogie, a style characterized by a regular bass figure, an ostinato and the most familiar example of shifts of level, in the left hand which elaborates on each chord and trills and decorations from the right hand. Though most often piano based, it is not strictly a solo piano style, and is also used to accompany singers and as a solo part in bands and small combos. Boogie-woogie was pioneered by the Chicago-based Jimmy Yancey and the Boogie-Woogie Trio (Albert Ammons, Pete Johnson and Meade Lux Lewis); Chicago also produced other musicians in the style, like Clarence "Pine Top" Smith and Earl Hines, who "linked the propulsive left-hand rhythms of the ragtime pianists with melodic figures similar to those of Armstrong's trumpet in the right hand" refYanceyHines .One kind of early 1940s urban blues was the jump blues, a style heavily influenced by big band music and characterized by the use of the guitar in the rhythm section, a jazzy, up-tempo sound, declamatory vocals and the use of the saxophone or other brass instruments. The jump blues of people like Louis Jordan and Big Joe Turner later became the primary basis for rock and roll and rhythm and blues refjumpblues .

    Early post-war blues - After World War II and in the 1950s increased urbanization and the use of amplification led to new styles of electric blues music, popular in cities such as Chicago, IllinoisChicago, Detroit, MichiganDetroit and Kansas City, MissouriKansas City. Chicago became a center of the blues in the early fifties: Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, Willie Dixon, Little Walter, Jimmy Reed are the main representative of the early Chicago blues; they all recorded for the Chess Records company. The Chicago blues of the 1950s is characterized by the use of electric guitar (sometimes slide guitar), blues harp, traditional bass and drums. Nevertheless, some musicians of the same artistic movement, such as Elmore James or J. B. Lenoir are also using saxophones but more as a rythm support than as solo instruments. The Chicago blues is influenced to a large extent by the Delta_blues Mississippi blues style because most artists of this period were migrants from the Mississippi region. However other artists popular at this time, such as T-Bone Walker and John Lee Hooker, show up different influences which are not directly related to the Chicago style.The influence of the Chicago blues was also very important in Louisiana's zydeco music. Clifton Chenier and others introduced many blues accents in this style such as the use of electric solo guitars and cajun arrangements of blues standards (''Good Morning School Girl'', etc.). In the late fifties, musicians like Bo Diddley or Chuck Berry emerged. Their very enthousiastic way to play the blues, leaving away most of the melancholic aspects of the style, is now recognized as the transition from the blues to rock-n-roll.

    Blues in the 60s and 70s - By the beginning of the 1960s, African American music like rock and roll and soul musicsoul were parts of mainstream popular music. White performers like Elvis Presley and Bill Haley had brought black music to new audiences, both within the United States and abroad. Though many listeners simply enjoyed the catchy pop tunes of the day, others were inspired to learn more about the roots of rock, soul, R&B and gospel. Especially in the United Kingdom, many young men and women formed bands to emulate blues legends. By the end of the decade, white-performed blues in a number of styles, mostly fusions of blues and rock, had come to dominate popular music across much of the world. ]]Blues masters such as John Lee Hooker and Muddy Waters continued to perform to enthusiastic audiences, inspiring new artists steeped in traditional blues, such as New York born Taj Mahal (musician)Taj Mahal. B.B. King had emerged as a major artist in the fifties and reached his height in the late sixties. His virtuoso guitar technique earned him the eponymous title "king of the blues". In contrast to the Chicago style, King's band uses no slide guitar or harp but strong brass support (saxophone, trumpet, trombone). In the late sixties, the so-called West Side blues emerged in Chicago with Magic Sam, Magic Slim and Otis Rush. In contrast with the early Chicago style, this style is characterized by a strong rhythm support (a rhythm and a bass electric guitar, and drums), the absence of harp or saxophone and a lesser melodic contain. New talented musicians like Albert King, Buddy Guy, or Luther Allison appeared. Their powerful style is a kind of fusion between the Chicago style and Rock music à la Jimmy Hendrix. They don't use harp but often use strongly amplified electric guitar. The appeal of blues remained strong in later decades. The music of the American Civil Rights MovementCivil Rights and Free Speech MovementFree Speech movements in the U.S. prompted a resurgence of interest in American roots music in general and in early African-American music, specifically. Traditional acoustic blues was re-discovered along with many forgotten blues heroes including Son House, Mississippi John Hurt, Skip James, and Reverend Gary Davis. Many compilations of classic pre-war blues were re-published, in particular by the Yazoo Records company. with Eric Clapton album cover]]However what made blues really come across to the young white audiences in the early 1960s was the style of British blues that developed in England, when dozens of bands such as Fleetwood Mac, John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers, The Rolling Stones, The Yardbirds, and Cream (band)Cream took to covering the classic blues numbers from either the Delta bluesDelta or Chicago blues traditions. The British blues musicians of the early 1960s would ultimately inspire a number of American blues-rock fusion performers, including Canned Heat, Janis Joplin, Johnny Winter, The J. Geils Band and others, who at first discovered the form by listening to British performers, but in turn went on to explore the blues tradition on their own. One blues-rock performer, Jimi Hendrix was a rarity in his field at the time, a black man who played psychedelic musicpsychedelic blues-rock. Hendrix a virtuoso guitarist, a pioneer in the innovative use of distortion and feedback in his music refHendrix . Through these artists and others, both earlier and later, blues music has been strongly influential in the development of rock (music)rock music.seealso2British bluesBlues-rock

    Blues from the 1980s to the present - ]]Since 1980, blues has continued to thrive in both traditional and new forms through the continuing work of Taj Mahal (musician)Taj Mahal, Ry Cooder and the music of Robert Cray, Albert Collins, Keb' Mo', and others. The Texas rock-blues style emerged based on an original use of guitars for both solo and rhythms. In contrast with the West Side blues, the Texas style is strongly influenced by the British rock-blues movement. Major artists of this style are Stevie Ray Vaughan, The Fabulous Thunderbirds, and ZZ Top. The 80s also saw a revival of John Lee Hooker's popularity. He collaborated with a diverse array of musicians such as Santana, Miles Davis, Robert Cray, and Bonnie Raitt.Around this time blues publications such as ''Living Blues'' and ''Blues Revue'' began appearing at newstands, major cities began forming blues societies and outdoor blues festivals became more common. More nightclubs and venues emerged, such as Manny's Car Wash in New York, the Slippery Noodle Inn in Indianapolis, and the Zoo Bar in Lincoln, Nebraska. In the 1990s and today blues performers are found touching elements from almost every musical genre.

    Social and musical impact - Like jazz, rock and roll and hip hop music, blues has been accused of being the "devil's music" and of inciting violence and other poor behavior refcriticism . In the early 20th century, the blues was considered disreputable, the first of many styles of African American music to be thus critcized, especially as white audiences began listening to the blues during the 1920s ref1920spop .As the origin of the blues scale, the blues has exerted a profound influence on many styles of music. The blues scale frequently is found in non-blues musical forms, such as popular songs like Harold Arlen's "Blues in the Night", blues ballads like "Since I Fell for You" and "Please Send Me Someone to Love", and even orchestral works like George Gershwin's "Rhapsody in Blue" and "Concerto in F." Indeed, the blues scale is ubiquitous in modern popular music and informs many modal frame (music)modal frames, especially the ladder of thirds as in "A Hard Day's Night (song)A Hard Day's Night."In the early twentieth century, W. C. HandyW.C. Handy made the blues more respectable to non-black Americans. The formally trained musician, composer and arranger was a key popularizer of blues. Handy was one of the first to transcribe and then orchestrate blues in an almost symphonic style, with bands and singers. Extremely prolific over his long life, Handy's signature work was the ''Saint Louis Blues (music)St. Louis Blues''.Blues forms turn up in some surprising places. The theme to the televised ''Batman (TV series)Batman'' had a blues structure, as did teen idol Fabian (entertainer)Fabian's first hit, "Turn Me Loose". Likewise, many jazz classics, such as Charlie Parker's "Now's the Time", also use the blues form without lyrics. The first great country music star Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)Jimmie Rodgers was a blues performer. Guitarist/vocalist Tracy Chapman's hit, "Give Me One Reason," was a 12-bar blues and has, as a result, become a contemporary blues club standard in Chicago.

    Influence on rock and roll - The influence of both the twelve-bar structure and the blues scale on rock-and-roll music was so profound that rock-and-roll can properly be classified as an outgrowth of blues, or even "blues with a back beat". Elvis Presley's "Hound Dog", with its unmodified twelve-bar structure (both harmony and lyrics) and a melody centered on flatted third of the tonic (and flatted seventh of the subdominant) is a blues song, transformed to a new genre by rhythm and sheer energy. One can hardly find a major song from rock-and-roll's revolutionary period that is not, at its roots, a blues composition transformed by rhythm: "Johnny B. Good", "Blue Suede Shoes", "Whole Lotta' Shakin' Going On", "Tutti-Frutti", "Shake, Rattle, and Roll", "What'd I Say", and "Long Tall Sally". The early African-American rock musicians retained the frank sexual themes of blues. "Got a gal named Sue, knows just what to do" or "See the girl with the red dress on, she knows how to do it all night long" are hard to mistake. Even the subject matter of "Hound Dog" contains well-hidden sexual double-entendre.More sanitized early "white" rock borrowed both the structure and harmonics of blues, although minimizing harmonic creativity and sexual nuance, such as Bill Haley's "Rock Around the Clock". Many white musicians who covered black rock songs would go so far as to change the words; possibly the most famous example was Pat Boone's cover of "Tutti Frutti", which originally started "Tutti frutti, loose booty . . . a wop bop a lu bop, a good Goddamn."Other influences on rock and roll are often cited, especially country music and R&B. It is more accurate to say, however, from a musical perspective, that artists in these musical subgroups adapted blues structure and harmony to their distinctive styles, accents, and vocabularies.

    Music samples - multi-listen start multi-listen item !filename=Don'tYouGrieve.ogg title=Don’t You Grieve description=Blues mourning song from the Library of Congress' ''John and Ruby Lomax 1939 Southern States Recording Trip''; performed by Aunt Mollie McDonald on May 27, 1939, at her family home near Livingston, Alabama format=Ogg multi-listen item !filename=WhereDidYouSleepLastN ight.ogg title=Where Did You Sleep Last Night? description=Performed by Leadbelly. format=Ogg multi-listen item filename=Crossroads.ogg title=Crossroad Blues description=Performed by Robert Johnson format=Ogg multi-listen item filename=ClemensRag.ogg title=Clemens Rag description=Instrumental blues guitar song from the Library of Congress' ''John and Ruby Lomax 1939 Southern States Recording Trip''; performed by Ace Johnson and L.W. Gooden on AApril 15, 1939, at Clemens State Farm near Brazoria, Texas format=Ogg multi-listen item filename=Train.ogg title=Train description=Instrumental blues harmonica song from the Library of Congress' ''John and Ruby Lomax 1939 Southern States Recording Trip''; performed by Ace Johnson on April 16, 1939, at Clemens State Farm near Brazoria, Texas format=Ogg multi-listen item !filename=Hesitationblues.ogg title=Hesitation Blues description=Blues song from the Library of Congress' loc.gov - Gordon Collection; performed by Bascam Lamar Lunsford in the Asheville, North Carolina area on 19 October, 1925 format=Ogg multi-listen item filename=Po'Gal.ogg title=Po’ Gal description=East Coast blues from the Library of Congress' ''Florida Folklife from the WPA Collections''; performed by Zora Neale Hurston on June 18, 1939, in Jacksonville, Florida format=Ogg multi-listen end

    References -
  • William Barlow Title = Cashing In Journal = Split Image: African Americans in the Mass Media Year = 1993 Pages = 31
  • Clarke, Donald Title = The Rise and Fall of Popular Music Publisher = St. Martin's Press Year = 1995 ID = ISBN 0312115733
  • Ewen, David Title = Panorama of American Popular Music Publisher = Prentice Hall Year = 1957 ID = ISBN 0136483607
  • Ferris, Jean Title = America's Musical Landscape Publisher = Brown & Benchmark Year = 1993 ID = ISBN 0697125165
  • Garofalo, Reebee Title = Rockin' Out: Popular Music in the USA Publisher = Allyn & Bacon Year = 1997 ID = ISBN 0205137032
  • Morales, Ed Title = The Latin Beat Publisher = Da Capo Press Year = 2003 ID = ISBN 0306810182
  • Schuller, Gunther Title = Early Jazz: Its Roots and Musical Development Publisher = Oxford University Press Year = 1968 ID = ISBN 0195040430
  • Southern, Eileen Title = The Music of Black Americans Publisher = W. W. Norton & Company, Inc Year = 1997 ID = ISBN 0393038432
  • !http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/arti cle.cgi?file=/chronicle/archiv e/2004/08/15/INGMC85SSK1.DTL? title = Muslim Roots of the Blues work = SFGate date = August 24 year = 2005

    Notes -
    #noteblueseffect Ferris, pg. 228 Blues ''has had inestimable influence upon the development of not only jazz but every genre of American music.''#notenoabsolute Southern, pg. 333#notepre-blues Garofalo, pg. 44#noteorigins Ferris, pg. 229#noteMuslimmusic SFGate#noteinterplay Morales, pg 276 Morales attributes this claim to John Storm Roberts in ''Black Music of Two Worlds'', beginning his discussion with a quote from Roberts ''There does not seem to be the same African quality in blues forms as there clearly is in much Caribbean music''.#notebluesevolution Garofalo, pg. 44 ''Gradually, instrumental and harmonic accompaniment were added, reflecting increasing cross-cultural contact.'' Garofalo goes on to cite others mentioning the "Ethiopian airs" and "Negro spirituals".#noteragtimeblues Schuller, cited in Garofalo, pg. 27#notebarschords Garofalo, pgs. 46-47#notebluenotes Ewen, pg. 143#notelyrics Ewen, pgs. 142-143#notelyricalform Ferris, pg. 230#noteorisha Morales, pg. 277#notebluescountry Garofalo, pgs. 44-47 ''As marketing categories, designations like race and hillbilly intentionally separated artists along racial lines and conveyed the impression that their music came from mutually exclusive sources. Nothing could have been further from the truth... In cultural terms, blues and country were more equal than they they were separate.'' Garofalo goes on to later claim that ''artists were sometimes listed in the wrong racial category in record company catalogues.''#noteMozart Grace notes were common in the Baroque musicBaroque and Classical music eraClassical periods, but they acted as ornamentation rather than as part of the harmonic structure. Wolfgang Amadeus MozartMozart comes very close in the slow movement of his ''Piano Concerto No. 21 (Mozart)Piano Concerto No. 21'', holding a flatted fifth in the dominant for a full quarter-note. But this was a technique for building unbearable tenion for resolution into the major fifth, while a blues melody could sustain the flatted fifth indefinitely as part of the scale. In other words both a blues musician and Mozart could slide from a flatted mi to a major mi over a dominant chord, but the blues musician could also use the flatted mi as a harmonic resolution in a major key.#notecountrycity Garofalo, pg. 47#notelittleknown Southern, pg. 332#note1912 Garofalo, pg. 27; Garofalo cites Barlow in ''Handy's sudden success demonstrated the commercial potential of the - blues, which in turn made the genre attractive to the Tin Pan Alley acks, who wasted little time in turning out a deluge of imitations''. {parentheticals in Garofalo)#noteHandypseudoblues Garofalo, pg. 27#notehabanera Morales, pg. 277#noteLemonJefferson Clarke, pg. 138#noteRJohnson Clarke, pg. 141#notePiedmontblues Clarke, pg. 139#noteCarr Clarke, pg. 138#noteBessieSmith Ewen, pg. 146#noteSmithRainey Clarke, pg. 137#notejumpblues Garofalo, pg. 76#noteYanceyHines Garofalo, pg. 47#noteHendrix Garofalo, pgs. 224-225#notecriticism SFGate#note1920spop Garofalo, pg. 27


    External links -
  • The blueslinks.nl - mother of all blueslinks collection
  • radioblack.com - Blues radio stations
  • blues.org - Blues Foundation
  • sfgate.com - article on possible connections between Muslim music and the blues
  • floridamemory.com - Music from Florida Folklife Collection, available free for public use from the State Archives of Florida

    See also -
  • List of blues musicians
  • List of British blues musiciansCategory:American styles of !musicCategory:BluesCategory:Ra dio? formatsbg:Блусda:Bluesde:Bl ueses:Blueseo:Blusofa:بلوز fr:Bluesfy:Bluesgl:Bluesit:Blu eshe:בלוזhu:Bluesnl:Bluesn ds:Bluesja:ブルースpl:Blue spt:Bluesru:Блюзfi:Bluessv :Bluesvi:Nhạc? !Blueswa:Blouzezh:布鲁斯

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    Commmissioned contemporary portraits and landscapes by Dutch artist using traditional tempera and oil techniques.
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    Free Online Blues Guitar Lessons
    Free Online Blues Lessons. With tabs, midis, downloads. From 12-Bar-Blues to solo techniqes to Slide guitar and fingerpicking. Plus ebooks and Backing Tracks.
    http://www.blueslessons.net

    Pete Gavin website
    Pete Gavin website, deutschlands 'very own british bluesman'. Termine, projekte, sounds, presse.
    http://www.petegavin.de/

    Official Home page of Saxophonist and recording artist Noah Peter
    Saxophonist and band leader Noah Peterson offers a clear, true voice and a new vision. The consummate professional in every sense, his group reflects his vision at the center of their improvisation. Turning pop tunes into jazz classics; polishing jazz standards into bright new gems. His talented musicians offer the perfect balance to Noah's fine horn playing; they are light to Noah's shadow, as they groove to the mystic depths of his untamed saxohpone. Like the best high wire act these gentlemen perform without a net.
    http://www.noahpeterson.com/

    www.ploink.de
    handmade music with electric bass-guitars. - Solo-Bass-Art
    http://www.ploink.de/

    Mo Blues Association Inc
    Mid Missouri Blues society with a mission to Promote, Support and Preserve the Blues. Our site has lots of information both serious and fun.
    http://www.moblues.org/

    The Aberdeen Foundation
    Human and Civil Rights foundation centering on helping the sick and poor. Free online books, music and related materials. Many links to various information.
    http://www.freedomtracks.com/

    KarmøyNett
    Needing information on Karmøy (Rogaland, Norway)? This is the place to visit! Tons of pictures!
    http://www.karmoynett.no/

    Summertime Blues!
    Summertime Blues! is a festival, featuring some of Canada's finest Blues artists! Performances are scheduled every weekend in August, 2006 at the Harbourfront Plaza in beautiful, historic,downtown Nanaimo, British Columbia. This is a free community event!
    http://www.nanaimobluesfestival.com/

    Pono
    electronic blues noir
    http://www.ponomusic.com/

    The wed2music directory
    Wed2music is the definitive free UK directory of wedding musicians and entertainers. Our directory gives you free and direct access to wedding entertainers websites and contact details. We have everything from medieval musicians, to dj's to cocktail pianists. Come and explore and contact the bands and dj's directly! If you are a wedding entertainer then log on now and get yourself registered. We always welcome new acts to our directory.
    http://wed2music.co.uk/

    r-H Blak Asia
    r-H Blak Asia
    http://www.rh.hk/

    richard wynne artist
    Richard is an American living in Thailand. And has lived in many countries. He started his art studies at ...
    http://www.richardwynneartist.com

    Jazz Folk & Bike Festival Syke
    A music Festival in Syke about 20 km south of Bremen. Different venues such as a watermill, an old church, a historic farmhouse and a natural amphitheatre in a forest.The combination of music and scenery is unique. The bike is the ideal vehicle to visit the different sites.
    http://www.jazzfolkbike.de/

    SunBell Music Presents 'bell the cat' - Songs From The Wild
    Twist your mind with award-winning, on the edge, powerful, blazing, colorful, sultry BLUES, ROCK, ALTERNATIVE, POP, ADULT CONTEMPORARY, OUT & PROUD, FOLK ROCK, and TONGUE-IN-CHEEK HUMOROUS musical stories. 'bell the cat' uses creative, artistic expression to heal, journey, share love, laughter, awareness & peace through music on Songs From The Wild. Eclectic music written by Sun Bell.
    http://www.sunbellmusic.com/

    Dog My Cat Records
    Dog My Cat Records was established in 2004 by acoustic blues sensation Harry Manx and long-time producer Jordy Sharp. Non-genre based, the label is now home to some of the most uniquely talented musicians from its home base of British Columbia, Canada to artists from around the globe. With 2 Juno award nominations under our belt and a budding roster of new artists and new albums, you'll want to check back often.
    http://www.dogmycatrecords.ca/

    Greg Weins and Blue Vision
    Greg Weins, a blind young man with a heart full of blues. One that comes to us with a masterful musical agenda: to somehow touch the hearts of blues lovers all over the world.
    http://www.blindmanbluesentertainment.com/

    Cheryl Porter Official Website
    Website of internationally acclaimed singer Cheryl Porter. With a rich and powerful voice deeply rooted in the Spirituals tradition, her albums range from Gospel, Jazz, Folk, Inspirational and classical.
    http://www.cherylporter.net

    Blue House Productions
    Blue House has the best equipment and a world-class staff who have made studio and live multi-camera video, as well as studio and live multi-track audio recordings for some of the best musicians in the area and in the world. Besides offering two studios and full mixing and mastering, we also provide a CD duplication and replication service which includes packaging, artwork, and shrink-wrapping. We would be happy to make as few or as many copies of your CD as you would like. In addition to all of this, our instrument repair service is top notch and professional. We pride ourselves in our reputation for producing quality recordings, for having an ear for arrangements and a mind for understanding how to achieve the artist's goal. If you sound good normally, we will make you sound great! Thanks, and have a good one.
    http://www.bluehouseproductions.com/

    Drycastle records homepage
    A new indie label, jazz, blues, rock oriented, founded by bassist Maurizio Bozorius Bozzi.
    http://www.drycastle.com/

    Campus Rock
    workshop in Catalonia, Mallorca and Menorca (Spain), of pop rock. For young students. Masters of musical instruments, composition and production.
    http://www.campus-rock.com/

    Black Sabbath Tribute
    This is a passion tribute to Black Sabbath from a italian band who loves play this great music
    http://www.warningtribute.com/

    Silver Dog Music
    Hire a Live Band for any event! All areas of the UK covered. Competetive rates, top quality musicians.
    http://silverdogmusic.co.uk/

    Red Lion Rocks
    Live Music Venue website, featuring photos of past gigs and listings of future gigs
    http://redliongigs.co.uk/

    Roland Scull, guitarist and singer, gitarrist und Sänger
    Website of the musician, guitarist, singer, blues, rock, folk, acoustik guitar. Information on concerts, repertoire
    http://www.rolandscull.de/

    Soulshine.com.au
    music/youth orientated music showcasing the best of Australian music along with worldwide music news.
    http://soulshine.com.au/

    Historic Distillery District FREE Blues Festival - Toronto, Ontario, Canada
    Toronto's FREE summer Blues Street Festival at The Historic Distillery District features live music, outdoor entertainment, talent search, Jazz bands.
    http://www.distilleryblues.com/

    NO RESPECT
    New School Of rock 'n roll
    http://www.norespect.it/

    Free Online Blues Guitar Lessons
    Free Online Blues Lessons. With tabs, midis, downloads. From 12-Bar-Blues to solo techniqes to Slide guitar and fingerpicking. English & German Versions!
    http://www.blueslessons.de/

    Enterto Music
    We are Entertomusic Team that is building an ultimate online place for musicians. We provide the space where any musician finds the answers to his needs and is presented to global music community. You can create here your own world - world of your music, creative ideas, and communication with the rest of world music community, learn and explore new possibilities, make a new friends. With us, you can feel confident that you will receive solid services with the customer service you expect and deserve. We are ready to help you with any questions and Our main goal is to have great community of musicians from all over the world and high quality services, creating individual pages that will introduce you to the global music community. We are constantly improving the site adding more futures in order to make your presence at EntertoMusic pleasant and effective. You feed back is highly appreciated - it will help us to serve members more effectively. We understand that everybody wishes to have the most inexpensive services possible. But in order to run this web site we still charge you some fees to be able to provide such a services. When EntertoMusic will gain its profit ability, we will definitely lower our fees. When your product sells from your web site or EntertoMusic shop you’ll be charged a 10% fee based on the sale price of your item. When you receive a payment, the 10 % fee will be automatically deducted from the final sales price of your product. There are no extra charges - you run your web site for Free!. We hope that you will enjoy being at EntertoMusic! Thank you for supporting Global Artist Community!
    http://www.entertomusic.com/

    Elijah Wald website
    Website of writer and musician Elijah Wald
    http://www.elijahwald.com/

    Big Road Blues Band Website
    Homepage of Big Road, the authentic blues rock group
    http://www.bigroad.net/

    Die Rock/Blues Coverband der Region
    Sie mögen guten und anspruchsvollen Blues/Rock, dann sind Sie bei den Peppermans richtig.
    http://www.peppermans.de/

    Sue Merchant - Indie Singer-Songwriter
    Official website of Sue Merchant, offers her biography, news, photos, and free music. Listen to songs & purchase Sue's new CD, Songs from the Edge.
    http://www.suemerchant.net

    John Byrne Cooke Photography
    Fine art photos of Sixties rock and folk musicians, from Dylan, Joplin and Hendrix to Doc Watson, Bill Monroe, Mississippi John Hurt and many more.
    http://www.cookephoto.com/

    The Devil's Music
    Blues bios, lyrics, photos and videos.
    http://www.thedevilsmusic.net/

    EUROSMITH
    The first runnin' Italian Aerosmith tribute Band
    http://www.eurosmith.net/

    Krzysztof Jaryczewski
    Założyciel i pierwszy wokalista Oddziału Zamkniętego.Autor,kompozytor,gitarzysta.Obecnie Jary Band
    http://www.jaryczewski.com/

    RP Big Band
    Swing Big Band Switzerland
    http://www.rp-bigband.ch/

    Norbert Schneider - Website
    Norbert Schneider is a famous guitarist, singer and songwriter from austria. Check out http://www.norbertschneider.at for all details about this nice guy! --- wurde 1979 in Wien geboren und ist seit seinem neunzehnten Lebensjahr hauptberuflich Musiker. Er zeichnet sich aus durch sein einzigartiges Gitarrenspiel, welches Elemente von Bill Jennings, Johnny Guitar Watson, Billy Butler, T-Bone Walker u.v.m. erkennen lässt. Trotz diesen Einflüssen fehlt es Norberts Spiel und seinem Gesang nie an Eigencharakter und Authentizität – er schreibt viele Stücke in seinem Repertoire selbst. Viel musikalische Erfahrung sammelte er bei Auftritten u.a. mit Louisiana Red, Big Jay McNeely, Rusty Zinn, Bernard Allison, Aaron Burton, Dana Gillespie und Sister Shirley Sydnor.
    http://www.norbertschneider.at/

    Radio 19/4 - Jazz, Pop, Noize
    Radio 19/4 for more than eleven Years on Antenne Muenster's Open Channel, Ukw 95,4 mhz. 4. Monday/Month + Specials. Length: one hour. Profile: Jazz, Pop, Noise - no Mainstream - Music somewhat alternartive. Range: 80km around Muenster City + Promotion via Website-reviews.
    http://www.radio19-4.de/

    J&J Artiestenbeheer - services for musicians
    You can call us anytime when you're stuck with Administration, Webdesign, Coaching, (road)Management, Located in the Netherlands, with enough booking contacts and venues for organising a tour throughout the Netherlands for any kind of band. J&J Artiestenbeheer, because a musician has got more important things to do!
    http://www.artiestenbeheer.nl

    IndieAvenue
    Database of over 5,000 musicians, bands, venues and festivals in the Pacific Northwest.
    http://www.indieavenue.com/

    popular music downloads, interviews, photographs, videos, reviews and more
    popular music downloads, interviews, photographs, videos, reviews and more
    http://www.bandfanz.com/

    DC rock and roll
    All about the music from the DC area
    http://www.dc-rock-and-roll.org/

    Dixie Friends Krombach
    Dixieland and Swing, Oldtime Jazz from Germany Contact via URL-Form
    http://www.dixiefriends.de/

    Leitmotiv, Italian Eurindie Rock Band
    leitmotiv n. m. Thème, phrase, formule ou idée qui revient plusieurs reprises dans un uvre, qui joue sur un élément récurrent. leitmotiv is a music project, it's a band, maybe a rock band, maybe not. it's the will to play, the need to say. it's a concept of indipendence: it's indie. leitmotiv è l'evidenza che non è stata ancora scritta, ma più volte sentita.
    http://www.leitmotivonline.net/

    mamasweed
    wild travelling party music-new album -electric zeppelin-out on may 19th - via rough trade, labels:mamasweed music & mkzwo
    http://www.mamasweed.com

    Blues in London
    London's definitive guide to blues music and culture
    http://www.bluesinlondon.com/

    Pittsburgh Blues Festival
    Official website of the Pittsburgh Blues Festival - Pittsburgh's biggest summer weekend picnic and blues celebration.
    http://www.pghblues.com/

    Serious Kidding: Creative Consultant, Political Humor, Songwriter
    Grant William Brad Gerver writes Shot Off The Press. He is a longtime published political humorist and acoustic blues singer - songwriter. Grant specializes in humorous one-liners and all-around terse verse writing.
    http://www.seriouskidding.com

    Photography by Stephen Lees
    Galleries containing images by Stephen Lees. Includes stage photographs of many of Australia's leading Blues performers.
    http://www.stephenlees.com/

    Cajun en Blues Cafe the Cajun Cabin
    Finest Cajun Food in the Netherlands. Authentic Cajun / Creole restaurant, reservations possible.
    http://www.thecajuncabin.nl/

    Encore Recordings
    music in all formats: CD, LP, 7, 78 rpm, 16 rpm, Tape, Reel-To-Reel, Cylinders, Piano Rolls, Sheet Music, Books on Music & Musicians, Music Memorabilia bought, sold and traded!
    http://www.encorerecordings.com/

    Blues and Jazz Sounds/Sounds of Blue Radio
    Radio & Press Marketing services offerings for blues, jazz, soul and funk musicians. Plus the Sounds of Blue radio show which streams live on the internet and at Live365.com Sounds of Blue playlists are available, as well as reviews I wrote for Goldmine Magazine, Blues Revue, and Big City Rhythm & Blues magazine.
    http://www.bluesandjazzsounds.com/

    Music creation and production studio
    Original soundtracks for film and television, contemporary and old style song composition, mastering facility, session musicians for hire.
    http://www.cruiserman.com/

    JJ Soul Band
    Icelandic Jazz/Blues/Fusion Band
    http://www.jjsoulband.com/

    TheDoors.ch
    All you want about The Doors: Lyrics, Picture-Gallery, Albums, Band Info, Biography, Guitar Tabs, Sheet Music, Poems, Jim's last days and more!
    http://www.thedoors.ch/

    Vocke und Haagen Musikagentur
    Hier finden Sie Künstlervermittlung, individuelle Spezialprogramme und Infotainmentshows budgetgerecht und zielorientiert.
    http://www.vocke-haagen-musikagentur.com

    MISSISSIPPIMOOD
    A GREAT BLUES BAND'S FROM ROME
    http://www.mississippimood.it/

    Soundsuche Music Directory
    SoundSuche.de is a German Music Directory open for all Musicstyles.All Musicans can add their relevant Web sites.
    http://www.soundsuche.de

    Coen Wolters band web site
    Web site of Blues/rock guitarist Coen Wolters
    http://www.coenwolters.com/

    Basslines, Music & More
    Andreas Reinhard: Bassist aus NRW für Live, Studio, Teaching, Touring. Homepage mit Infos, Terminen, Bands und Kontakt
    http://www.andreas-reinhard.de/

    House of Blues online
    Includes internet radio, concert archives, interviews, downloads, links, and lists artists.
    http://www.hob.com/

    Blue's News
    Includes news, resources, and forums.
    http://www.bluesnews.com/

    Island Internet Inc.
    Internet service provider for dialup access, office network accounts, web hosting, FTP servers, UNIX system administration, custom system and database programming, and dedicated high speed connection and management. Includes list of services, rates, customer service, hosted sites, and company overview.
    http://www.island.net/

    The Blues Foundation
    Producer of the W.C. Handy Blues Awards, the Blues Hall of Fame, the Lifetime Achievement Awards and the Int. Blues Talent Competition
    http://www.blues.org/

    BluesWorld
    Blues articles, photographs, reviews, records, compact discs, CDs, 78 rpm phonograph record auctions, magazines, books, musicians, authors, researchers, resources, links.
    http://www.bluesworld.com/
    Personal tools
    • DirPedia.com
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