camaro

The Chevrolet Camaro was a intermediate touring car introduced in North America by the Chevrolet Motor Division of General Motors at the start of the 1967 model year as competition for the Ford Mustang. Although it was technically a compact car (by the standards of the time), the Camaro, like the entire class of Mustang competitors, was soon known as a pony car.Though the car's name was contrived with no meaning, General Motors researchers found the word in a French languageFrench dictionary as a slang term for "friend" or "companion." Ford Motor Company researchers discovered other definitions, including "a shrimp-like creature" and an arcane term for "loose bowels!" In some automotive periodicals before official release, it was code-named "Panther." Historical examples exist of Chevrolet product managers being asked by the automotive press "what is a Camaro?", with the tongue-in-cheek answer being "a small, vicious animal that eats Mustangs," a sideways reference to the competing Ford Mustang. Four distinct generations of the car were produced.

Generation 1 -

1967 - and Z/28 stripes.]]Sharing mechanicals with the upcoming 1968 Chevrolet Nova, the Camaro featured unibody structure, combined with a sub-frame supporting the front end. Chevrolet offered the car in only two body styles, a coupe and convertible. Almost 80 factory and 40 dealer options including three main packages were available.

RS Package included many cosmetic changes such as RS badging, hidden headlights, revised taillights, and exterior rocker trim.

SS Package included modified 5.7 L (350 in³) V8 engine (first engine of that size by Chevrolet), also ''L35'' 396 in³ (6.5 L) "big block" was available. SS featured non-functional air inlets on the hood, special striping and SS badging on grill, gas cap, and horn button. It was possible to order both - RS and SS packages to receive RS/SS Camaro. In 1967 Camaro RS/SS Convertible Camaro with 396 in³ (6.5 L) engine paced the Indianapolis 500 race.

Z28 option code was introduced in December 1966 for the 1967 model year. This option package wasn't mentioned in any sales literature so was unknown by most of the buyers. The only way to order Z28 package was to order base Camaro with Z28 option, front disc brakes, power steering and Muncie 4-speed transmission. Z28 package featured unique 302 in³ (4.9 L) "small block" engine, designed specifically to compete in the Club of America Trans Am racing series (which required engines smaller than 305 in³ (5.0 L) and public availability of the car). Advertised power of this engine was listed at 290 hp (216 kW) while actual dyno readings rated it at 360 to 400 hp (269 to 298 kW). Z28 also came with upgraded suspension and racing stripes on the hood. It was possible to combine Z28 package with RS package. Only 602 Z28's were sold. Contrary to popular belief, 1967 Z28s did not have raised cowl induction hoods like 68 and 69 Z28s did. In 1967 the 1967z28.com - optional Z28 cowl induction recieved air from a cowl plenum duct attached to the side of the air cleaner that ran to the firewall and truly got air from the cowl vents. The hood was a standard flat hood. 1967 Z28s had 15" Rallye wheels, while all other 1967 Camaros had 14" wheels. The Z28 could be combined with the RS appearance package. The Camaro's base powertrain was a 3.8 L (230 in³) I6 engine rated at 140 hp (104 kW) and backed by a Saginaw three-speed manual transmission. A Muncie four-speed manual was also available. The two-speed "Powerglide" automatic transmission was a popular option in 1967-68 until the three-speed "Turbo Hydra-Matic 350" replaced it starting in 1969. The TH350 was also an option on SS396 cars from late 1967 onwards.The 290 hp (216 kW), 5.7 L (350 in³) V8 first saw duty in the 1967 Camaro and virtually every engine in the Chevrolet lineup was offered as an option.Production numbers:

RS: 64842

SS: 34411

Z28: 602

Total: 220906

1968 - 1968 saw the deletion of the side vent windows and the introduction of Astro Ventilation, a fresh-air-inlet system. Also added were side marker lights, a more pointed front grill, and divided rear tailights. SS models received optional chrome hood inserts. On some models, multi-leaf rear springs replaced single-leaf units, and shock absorbers were staggered. 6.5 L (396 in³) 350 hp (261 kW) engine was added as an option for the SS, and Z28 became known by buyers and 7199 units were sold.Production numbers:

RS: 40977

SS: 27884

Z28: 7199

Total: 235147

1969 - ]]The 1969 Camaro carried over the previous year's drivetrain and major mechanical components, but all new sheet metal, except the hood and trunk lid, gave a car a substantially sportier look. The grille was redesigned with a heavy "Y" cant and deeply inset headlights. New door skins, rear quarter panels, and rear valence panel also have the car a much lower, wider, more aggressive look. This styling would serve for the 1969 model year only. Collectors often debate the merits of smooth, rounded lines of 1967 and 1968 model versus the heavily creased and sportier looks of the 1969.The real treat for the 1969 model year, however, was the vast array of new performance options. A General Motors corporate edict forbid Chevrolet from installing engines larger than 400 in³ (6.6 L) in the Camaro. Chevy also knew that there was a market for ultra-powerful Camaros armed with the Corvette's L-72 427 in³ (7.0 L) engine, as evidenced by the success of dealerships like Yenko Chevrolet, Nickey Chevrolet, and Dana Chevrolet, who installed their own. So, Chevrolet quietly offered two Central Office Production Orders (COPO) options, numbers 9560 and 9561, for the 1969 model year. The COPO 9561 option brought the fire-breathing L-72 Chevrolet Big-Block engine#427big-block engine, making an underrated 425 hp (317 kW) gross. Don Yenko ordered several hundred of these cars, along with a variety of other high performance options, to create the now-legendary Yenko Camaro. Overall, Chevrolet produced just 1,015 L-72 equipped Camaros.Even rarer was COPO 9560. This option installed an all-aluminum 427 in³ (7.0 L) Chevrolet Big-Block engine#427big-block called the ZL-1. Just 69 ZL-1 Camaros were produced, probably because the engine alone cost over 4,000 USD - nearly twice that of a base V-8 coupe. Though rated at 430 hp (321 kW) gross, the ZL-1 made closer to 550 hp (410 kW), making it both the fastest and rarest of all Camaros. The 1969 model year was exceptionally long, extending into December of 1969, due to production problems with the completely redesigned second generation model. A small number of 1969 model year cars were titled as 1970 cars; this is also the source of the "1970 1/2" moniker sometimes applied to early 1970 model year cars. Equipped with the lighter weight "split bumper" in the front (''i.e.'', no bumper across the central grill opening) and with all the refinements and enhancements up to that point, these "1970 1/2" model year vehicles are generally regarded as the most desirable of the early Camaros, since the performance of those immediately following was to be hampered by the addition of heavy Federally mandated bumpers as well as the power-reducing automobile emissions control systems of the period.Production numbers:

RS: 37773

SS: 34932

Z28: 20302

Total: 243085

Engines -

1967 to 1969 3.8 L (230 in³) ''Chevrolet Straight-6 engine#230230'' I6 140 hp (104 kW)

1967 to 1969 4.0 L (250 in³) ''Chevrolet Straight-6 engine#250250'' I6 155 hp (116 kW) @ 4200 rpm, 235 ft.lbf (319 Nm) @ 1600 rpm

1967 to 1969 Z28: 4.9 L (302 in³) ''Chevrolet Small-Block engine#302Small-Block'' V8 290 hp (216 kW) @ 5800 rpm, 290 ft.lbf (393 Nm) @ 4200 rpm

1967 to 1969 5.4 L (327 in³) ''Chevrolet Small-Block engine#327Small-Block'' V8 210 hp (157 kW)

1967 to 1969 5.4 L (327 in³) ''Chevrolet Small-Block engine#327Small-Block'' V8 275 hp (205 kW)

1967-1969 5.7 L (350 in³) ''Chevrolet Small-Block engine#350Small-Block'' V8 255 hp (190 kW)

1967 to 1969 SS350: 5.7 L (350 in³) ''Chevrolet Small-Block engine#350Small-Block'' V8 295 hp (220 kW) @ 4800 rpm, 380 ft.lbf (515 Nm) @ 3200 rpm

1967 to 1969 SS396: 6.5 L (396 in³) ''Chevrolet Big-Block engine#396Big-Block'' V8 325 hp (242 kW) @ 4800 rpm, 410 ft.lbf (556 Nm) @ 3200 rpm

1967 to 1969 SS396: 6.5 L (396 in³) ''Chevrolet Big-Block engine#396Big-Block'' V8 375 hp (280 kW) @ 5600 rpm, 415 ft.lbf (563 Nm) @ 3600 rpm

1968 to 1969 SS396: 6.5 L (396 in³) ''Chevrolet Big-Block engine#396Big-Block'' V8 350 hp (261 kW) @ 5200 rpm, 415 ft.lbf (563 Nm) @ 3200 rpm

1969 COPO 9561/L-72: 7.0 L (427 in³) ''Chevrolet Big-Block engine#427Big-Block'' V8 425 hp (317 kW) @ 5600 rpm, 460ft.lbf (624 Nm) @ 4000 rpm

1969 COPO 9560/ZL-1: 7.0 L (427 in³) ''Chevrolet Big-Block engine#427Big-Block'' V8 430 hp (321 kW) @ 5200 rpm, 450ft.lbf (610 Nm) @ 4400 rpm

Generation 2 - The larger second-generation Camaro featured an all-new sleek body and improved suspension. The 1970-1/2 Camaro debuted as a 2+2 coupe; no convertible was offered and would not appear again until well into the third generation. Most of the engine and drivetrain components were carried over from 1969 with the exception of the 230 in³ (3.8 L) six cylinder -- the base engine was now the 250 in³ (4.1 L) six rated at 155 hp (116 kW). The top performing motor was a L-78 396 in³ (6.5 L) V8 rated at 375 hp (280 kW). Starting in 1970, the 396 in³ (6.5 L) nominal big block V8's actually displaced 402 in³ (6.6 L), yet Chevrolet chose to retain the 396 badging. Two 454 in³ (7.4 L) engines - the LS-6 and LS-7 - were listed on early specification sheets but never made it into production. Besides the base model, buyers could select the "Rally Sport" option with a distinctive front nose and bumper, a "Super Sport" package, and the "Z-28 Special Performance Package" featuring a new high-performance 360 hp (268 kW) 350 in³ (5.7 L) V8.

1972 - The 1972 Camaro suffered two major setbacks. A UAW strike at a GM assembly plant in Ohio disrupted production for 174 days, and 1100 Camaros had to be scrapped because they did not meet 1973 Federal bumper safety standards. Some at GM seriously considered dropping the Camaro and Firebird altogether, while others were convinced the models remained marketable. The latter group eventually convinced those in favor of dropping the F Cars to reconsider, and Chevrolet would go on to produce 68,656 Camaros in 1972.

1973 - A new LT option was offered in 1973, and new impact-absorbing bumpers were standard. The Super Sport package was dropped, and the big block 396 in³ (6.5 L) V8 could no longer be ordered. Power was down due to new emissions standards, with the top rated 350 in³ (5.7 L) V8 producing 245 hp (183 kW).

1974 - The 1974 Camaro grew seven inches longer thanks to new aluminum bumpers and forward sloping grille. Round taillights were replaced with a more rectangular wraparound design.

1975 - The Z-28 option was dropped for the 1975 and 1976 models, and power continued to decline drastically. Two 350 in³ (5.7 L) V8s produced 145 hp (108 kW) and 155 hp (116 kW) (power ratings were now ''net'' as opposed to the prior ''gross'' ratings. Net power ratings were taken from the engine crankshaft as before, but now all accessories had to be attached and operating, and all emissions equipment and a full production exhaust system had to be in place. These power-robbing additions -- along with stringent new emissions laws -- were instrumental in creating the vastly smaller power figures found in subsequent cars.)

1977 - The Z28 was re-introduced to the buying public in the spring of 1977 as a ''1977-1/2''. This car was an instant hit, with most cars sold equipped with air-conditioning and an automatic transmission for a comfort-oriented public. The cars were also available with a Borg-Warner Super T-10 manual transmission4-speed manual and minimal option packaging for those buyers interested in a performance-oriented vehicle. The half-year model was one of the few American performance vehicles available at the time. The car was capable of turning in quarter-mile times comparable to many of the nineteen sixties' performance cars, and the chassis was developed to reward the driver with a first-class grand touring experience, capable of outstanding handling, especially in the hands of a competent high-performance driver. More than one Z28 was sold as a stripped radio-delete bare-bones performance car, and in this trim the Z28 could out-perform Pontiac FirebirdTrans-Ams and aging Chevrolet Corvette#C3C3 Corvettes on highways and canyon roads.

1978 - The 1978 model featured new soft front and rear bumpers and much larger taillamps. This was also the first year the T-top -- a t-bar roof with gray tinted glass lift-out panels -- became available as an option.

1979 - The Type LT model was replaced by the more luxurious Berlinetta with dual mirrors, special wheels, paint, emblems, and interior. The instrument panel remained the same, and the Z-28 dubbed "the hugger" boasted eye-catching dual-color stripes which wrapped around the lower sides and front bumper.

1980 - For 1980 the aged 250 in³ (4.1 L) inline six was replaced with a 229 in³ (3.8 L) V6, 231 in³ (3.8 L) in California. The Z-28 hood included a rear-pointing raised scoop with a solenoid operated flap which opened at full throttle, allowing the engine to breathe cooler air.

1981 - The 1981 model was virutally unchanged from 1980 and would be the last model year for the second generation Camaro. Total production had dropped down to 126,139 from a high of 282,571 in 1979.

Engines -

1979 to 1981 3.8 L (229 in³) !''GM_90-Degree_V6_engine Chevrolet V6'' V6

1979 to 1981 3.8 L (231 in³) ''GM_3800_engine#LD5Buick V6'' V6

1970 to 1978 4.1 L (250 in³) ''Chevrolet Straight-6 engine#250Inline-6'' I6

1970 to 1973 5.0 L (307 in³) ''Chevrolet Small-Block engineSmall-Block'' V8

1976 to 1981 5.0 L (305 in³) ''Chevrolet Small-Block engine#5.0Small-Block'' V8

1970 to 1981 5.7 L (350 in³) ''Chevrolet Small-Block engine#350Small-Block'' V8

1970 to 1972 6.6 L (402 in³) ''Chevrolet Big-Block engine#402Big-Block'' V8

Generation 3 -

1982 - The 1982 model introduced the first Camaros with factory fuel injection, four-speed automatic transmissions (three-speed on the earlier models), five-speed manual transmissions (four-speed manual transmissions in 1982, and some 1983 to 1984 models), 15 or 16 inch (381 or 406 mm) rims, hatchback body style, and even a four-cylinder engine for a brief period (due to concerns over fuel economy). The Camaro ''Z28'' was ''Motor Trend'' magazine's Car of the Year for 1982.

1985 - In 1985 Chevrolet introduced a new Camaro model - the famous IROC-Z, named after the popular competition International Race of Champions. IROC-Z Camaro featured upgraded suspension, special decal package and Tuned Port Injection system taken from the Chevrolet_Corvette Third generation Camaros also had a suspension system that was more capable in corners than the previous generation. The Camaro ''IROC-Z'' was on ''Car and Driver'' magazine's Car and Driver Ten BestTen Best list for 1985. The 305 was the only engine to receive the Tuned Port Injection considering the L89 350 was not available until 1987.

Engines -

1982 to 1985 2.5 L (151 in³) ''GM Iron Duke engineIron Duke'' L4

1982 to 1984 2.8 L (173 in³) ''GM 60-Degree V6 engine#LC1LC1'' V6

1985 to 1989 2.8 L (173 in³) ''GM 60-Degree V6 engine#LB8LB8'' V6

1990 to 1992 3.1 L (191 in³) ''GM 60-Degree V6 engine#Generation II60 Gen II'' V6

1982 to 1992 5.0 L (305 in³) ''Chevrolet Small-Block engine#5.0Small-Block'' V8

1987 to 1992 5.7 L (350 in³) ''Chevrolet Small-Block engine#350Small-Block'' V8

Generation 4 -

1993 - 1993 began the fourth and last generation of Camaros, lasting through the 2002 model year. Production of the fourth and final generation was moved from GM's Van Nuys, California assembly plant to one in Ste. Therese, Quebec in 1993. Though the car would no longer be produced in the US, the new design which incorporated lightweight plastic body panels over a steel space frame, and a better suspension, further improved upon the Camaro line. The 1993 Camaro also featured the GM LT1 engineLT1 V8 engine that had been introduced in the Corvette one year earlier, as well as an optional Borg-Warner T-56six-speed transmission when ordered with the V8. In celebration of this, the 1993 Camaro Z28 was selected as the official pace car for the 1993 Indianapolis 500; a pace car edition was produced in limited quantities, with a unique black and white color scheme. V8 models remained largely unchanged through 1995.1993 V6 models were powered by the 140hp 3.4L V6. A 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic transmission was available.

1995 - Halfway through the 1995 model year, the 3.4L V6 was replaced with the 200hp 3800 Series II V6. This engine remained, largely unchanged, in base-model Camaros until production ceased in 2002.

1996 - 1996 saw a minor mechanical revision of the Camaro, as well as some power gains from the new OBD II compliant engine controls and improved exhaust. Two option packages also returned - the "RS" package, which was an appearance option for V6 cars, and the "SS" package, a performance and appearance package for V8 cars.

1997 - While the car remained unchanged from 1996, it is worth nothing that for 1997, the Camaro was offered with a "30th Anniversary Package", which included unique orange stripes on white base paint. Also, 100 30th Anniversary Camaro SS cars were sent to SLP to have the 330hp GM LT1 engine#LT4LT4 engine installed. While this made it the fastest Camaro available at the time, it was also by far the most expensive with a price of over $38,000.

1998 - In 1998, the Camaro received its most major update since 1993. The most obvious is the revised front bodywork, with the headlights now being rounded and flush with the bodywork, intead of square and inset. The grille and bumper were revised to match. The interior also received some updates, but the change that was most important to enthusiasts was under the hood. Replacing the LT1 was GM's all-new GM LS1 engine#LS1LS1, which had been introduced with the fifth-generation Corvette in 1997. While the engine had been detuned slightly, the small number of changes between it and the Corvette version - as well as the real-world performance - make the 305hp rating that GM assigned it in the Z28 a rather conservative estimate. The suspension was updated, and the brakes were increased in size. The SS and RS models continued, with a revised body kit for the RS - the most notable change being removing the center section of the front lip, a piece that is cracked on a very large number of 1996-1997 RS cars. While the new design did spark sales, the total production for 1998 was just 48,490 - a far cry from the 110,000 units sold in 1994, or the 200,000+ units per year sold in the 1970s.

2001 - 2001 was the lowest production year ever for the Camaro, partly due to slow sales and partly due to ceasing production earlier than usual to begin early work on the 35th Anniversary 2002 cars. Just 29,009 Camaros were built for this year. The GM LS1 engine#LS1LS1 in the 2001 Z28 and SS models received the intake manifold from the LS6 (the engine used in the fifth-generation Corvette Z06). Accordingly, the horsepower rating was increased to 310 for the Z28 and 325 for the SS, although both models remained underrated.

2002 - The Camaro remained almost completely unchanged from 1999 to 2002; sales continued to dwindle as the enthusiast market continued to switch to smaller four and six cylinder cars. GM announced that this would be the final year of production for the Camaro, as the sales were not high enough to justify redesigning the platform again, and the car could not be priced high enough to make low volumes profitable (unlike the Corvette). A 35th Anniversary edition was offered on the Camaro SS. At least one 35th Anniversary SS Camaro was Navy Blue, with black leather interior and a "35th anniversary" marker in the dashboard. Other 35th anniversary SS Camaro's had silver racing stripes down the hood and trunk lid against Bright Rally Red paint, and the slogan “Leave a Lasting ImpreSSion” embroidered in the seats. The 35th anniversary SS Camaro was only available as a convertible or with T-Tops. 3,000 Camaros with the anniversary package were produced for the United States and 152 for Canada. The final Camaro was built on August 27, 2002; total production for 2002 was 42,098.

Engines -

1993 to 1995 3.4 L (208 in³) ''GM 60-Degree V6 engine#3.460 Gen III'' V6

1995 to 2002 3.8 L (231 in³) ''GM 3800 engine#Series II3800 Series II'' V6

1993 to 1997 5.7 L (350 in³) ''GM LT1 engine#LT1LT1'' V8

1998 to 2002 5.7 L (346 in³) ''GM LS1 engine#LS1LS1'' V8

Summary - Though production Camaros were never as fast as the flagship Chevrolet CorvetteCorvette, the car cost less than half as much and was easily modified. If its frequent inclusion in automotive enthusiast magazines is any indication, the Chevy Camaro is one of the most popular cars for modification in the automotive history.Throughout its history, the Camaro shared its internal body and major components with a sister car - the Pontiac Firebird.