cardiology

the branch of medicine dealing with the heart and its diseases

Cardiology is the branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the heart and blood vessels. The field is commonly divided in the branches of ''coronary artery disease'', ''heart failure'', ''valvular heart disease'' and ''electrophysiology''. Physicians specializing in this field of medicine are called cardiologists.

Anatomy & physiology -

HeartBasic anatomy (Structure of the heart) -

Epicardium

Pericardium

Myocardium

Papillary muscle

Endocardium

Coronary circulation (Blood supply of the heart)

Heart valves

Circulatory system (Blood supply of the body) -

Cardiac output

Heart rate

Vascular resistance

Blood vessels

Pulmonary circulation (Oxygenation of the blood) -

Pulmonary artery

Pulmonary vein

Cardiac pacemaker (Electrical system of the heart) -

Electrical conduction system of the heart

* Action potential

** Ventricular action potential

Sinoatrial node

Atrioventricular node

Bundle of His

Purkinje fibers

Basic cardiac physiology -

Systole

Diastole

Heart sounds

Preload

Afterload

Kussmaul's sign

Disorders of the coronary circulation -

Atherosclerosis

Restenosis

Coronary heart disease (Ischaemic heart disease, Coronary artery disease)

Acute coronary syndrome

* Angina

* Myocardial infarction (Heart attack)

Disorders of the myocardium (muscle of the heart) -

Cardiomyopathy

* Ischemic cardiomyopathy

* Nonischemic cardiomyopathy

** Amyloid cardiomyopathy

** Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)

*** Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) (Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS))

*** Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

** Dilated cardiomyopathy

*** Alcoholic cardiomyopathy

** Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy)

** Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Congestive heart failure

* Cor pulmonale

Cardiac arrest

Primary tumors of the heart

* Myxoma

Disorders of the pericardium (outer lining of the heart) -

Pericarditis

Cardiac tamponadePericardial tamponade

Constrictive pericarditis

Disorders of the heart valves -

Aortic valve disorders

* Aortic insufficiency

* Aortic stenosis

* Aortic valve replacement

* Aortic valve repair

* Aortic valvuloplasty

Mitral valve disorders

* Mitral valve prolapse

* Mitral regurgitation

* Mitral stenosis

* Mitral valve replacement

* Mitral valve repair

* Mitral valvuloplasty

Pulmonic valve disorders

Tricuspid valve disorders

Disorders of the electrical system of the heart (Cardiac electrophysiology) -

Cardiac arrhythmias

* Supraventricular tachycardia (Fast rhythms that originate above the ventricles)

** Atrial fibrillation

** Atrial flutter

** Atrial tachycardia

** Sick sinus syndrome (Tachy-Brady syndrome)

** AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT)

** AV reentrant tachycardia (AVRT)

Bigeminy

Premature ventricular contraction

Ventricular tachycardia

* Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia

* Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia

** Torsades de pointes

Ventricular fibrillation

Sick sinus syndrome

Heart block

* First degree heart block

* Second degree heart block

* Trifascicular heart block

* Third degree heart block

Specific diseases of the electrical system of the heart

* Brugada syndrome

* Long QT syndrome

* Short QT syndrome

* Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW syndrome)

Inflammation and infection of the heart -

Endocarditis

* Rheumatic heart disease

Myocarditis

Pericarditis

Congenital heart disease -

Atrial septal defect

Ventricular septal defect

Patent ductus arteriosus

Bicuspid aortic valve

Tetralogy of Fallot

Transposition of the great vessels (TGV)

Diseases of blood vessels (Vascular diseases) -

Vasculitis

Atherosclerosis

Aneurysm

Varicose veins

Economy class syndrome

Diseases of the aorta

* Coarctation of the aorta

* Aortic dissection

Diseases of the Carotid arterycarotid arteries

* Carotid artery disease

* Carotid artery dissection

Procedures done for coronary artery disease -

Atherectomy

Angioplasty (PTCA)

* StentStenting

Coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG)

Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP)

Devices used in cardiology -

Devices used to maintain normal electrical rhythm

* Artificial pacemakerPacemaker

* Defibrillator

** Automated external defibrillator

** Implantable !cardioverter-defibrillator

Devices used to maintain blood pressure

* Artificial heart

* Heart-lung machine

* Intra-aortic balloon pump

* Ventricular assist device

Cardiology diagnostic tests and proceduresDiagnostic tests and procedures -

EchocardiographyEchocardiogram

Cardiac stress test

Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

* Holter monitorAmbulatory Holter monitor

Electrophysiologic study

* Programmed electrical stimulation

Sphygmomanometer (Blood pressure cuff)

IVUS (IntraVascular UltraSound)

Cardiac enzymes

Cardiac pharmaceutical agents - The followings are medications commonly prescribed in cardiology:

Antiarrhythmic agents

* Type I (sodium ion channelchannel blockers)

** Type Ia

*** Quinidine

** Type Ib

*** Lidocaine

*** Phenytoin

** Type Ic

*** Propafenone

* Type II (beta blockers)

** Metoprolol

* Type III (potassium channel blockers)

** Amiodarone

** Dofetilide

** Sotalol

* Type IV (slow calcium channel blockers)

** Diltiazem

** Verapamil

* Type V

** Adenosine

** Digoxin

ACE inhibitors

* Captopril

* Enalapril

* Perindopril

* Ramipril

Angiotensin II receptor antagonists

* Candesartan

* Eprosartan

* Irbesartan

* Losartan

* Telmisartan

* Valsartan

Beta blocker

Calcium channel blocker

See also -

Interventional cardiology

External links -

health.nih.gov - U.S. National Institue of Health (NIH)

escardio.org - European Society of Cardiology

acc.org - American College of Cardiology

americanheart.org - American Heart AssociationMedicine Cardiovascular system Category:Cardiology !de:Kardiologiees:Cardiologíaf r:Cardiologiehe:קרדיולו גיהnl:Cardiologiends:Kardio logieja:循環器学pl:Kardiol ogiapt:Cardiologiaru:Кард� �ологияsv:Kardiologi

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European Society of Cardiology
Covers the structure and scientific work of the Society. Includes publications, scientific and clinical information and the Euro heart survey.
http://www.escardio.org/

Springer LINK
Information about scientific books and journals of the Springer publishing group, CD-ROM publications, software products, and catalogues, and online access (by subscription) to some contents.
http://link.springer.de/