cardiovascular

of or pertaining to or involving the heart and blood vessels

"cardiovascular conditioning"

This is an article about circulation in animals. For transport in plants, see Vascular tissue. For the band, see Circulatory System.''The circulatory system or cardiovascular system is the organ (anatomy)organ system which circulates blood around the body of most animals.

Types of circulatory systems -

Open circulatory system - The circulatory system of arthropods and most mollusks is ''open'', meaning that there are no capillarycapillaries and veins: one or more hearts pump the blood (more properly called hemolymph in this case) through the arteries to spaces called sinuses which surround the organs, allowing the tissues to exchange materials with the hemolymph. The hemolymph is drawn back into the heart as the heart relaxes.

Closed circulatory system - The circulatory systems of all vertebrates, as well as of annelids (for example, earthworms) and cephalopods (squids and octopuses) are ''closed'', meaning that the blood never leaves the system of blood vessels consisting of arteries, capillaries and veins. The systems of fish, Amphibiaamphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals show various stages of evolution.In fish, the system has only one circuit, with the blood being pumped through the capillaries of the gills and on to the capillaries of the body tissues. This is known as ''single'' circulation. The heart of fish is therefore only a single pump (consisting of two chambers).In amphibians and reptiles, a double circulatory system''double'' circulation is used, but the heart is not always completely separated into two pumps. Amphibians have a three-chambered heart.Birds and mammals show complete separation of the heart into two pumps, for a total of four heart chambers; it is thought that the four-chambered heart of birds evolved independently of that of mammals.

No circulatory system - An example of an animal with no circulatory system is the flatworm (class Turbellaria). They have a mouth leading into a digestive system. The digestive system is very branched, and because the worm is so flat, digested materials can be diffused to all the cells of the flat worm. Oxygen can diffuse from water into the cells of the flatworm. Thus every cell is able to obtain nutrients, water and oxygen without the need of a transport system.

Measurement techniques -

Electrocardiogram

Sphygmomanometer

Pulse meter

Health and disease -

See ''cardiovascular diseaseheart disease''

History of discovery - The valves of the heart were discovered by a physician of the Hippocratean school around the 4th century BC. However their function was not properly understood then. Because blood pools in the veins after death, arteries look empty. Ancient anatomists assumed they were filled with air and that they were for transport of air.Herophilus distinguished veins from arteries but thought that the pulse was a property of arteries themselves. Erasistratus observed that arteries that were cut during life bleed. He ascribed the fact to the phenomenon that air escaping from an artery is replaced with blood that entered by very small vessels between veins and arteries. Thus he apparently postulated capillaries but with reversed flow of blood.Galen in the 2nd century2nd century AD knew that blood vessels carry blood and identified venous (dark red) and arterial (brighter and thinner) blood, each with distinct and separate functions. Growth and energy were derived from venous blood created in the liver from chyle, while arterial blood gave vitality by containing pneuma (air) and originated in the heart. Blood flowed from both creating organs to all parts of the body where it was consumed and there was no return of blood to the heart or liver. The heart did not pump blood around, the heart's motion sucked blood in during diastole and the blood moved by the pulsation of the arteries themselves.Galen believed that the arterial blood was created by venous blood passing from the left ventricle to the right by passing through 'pores' in the interventricular septum, air passed from the lungs via the pulmonary artery to the left side of the heart. As the arterial blood was created 'sooty' vapors were created and passed to the lungs also via the pulmonary artery to be exhaled.Ibn Nafis in 1242 was the first person to accurately describe the process of blood circulation in the human body. Contemporary drawings of this process have survived. In 1552 Servetus described the same and Realdo Colombo proved the concept. All these results were not widely accepted however.Finally William Harvey, a pupil of Hieronymus Fabricius (who had earlier described the valves of the veins without recognizing their function), performed a sequence of experiments and announced in 1628 the discovery of the human circulatory system as his own and published Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibusan influential book about it. This work with its essentially correct exposition slowly convinced the medical world. Harvey was not able to identify the capillary system connecting arteries and veins; these were later described by Marcello Malpighi.

See also -

Cardiology

Lymphatic system

Blood vessels

There is also a band called Circulatory System

External links -

emc.maricopa.edu - The Circulatory System, a comprehensive overview

ncvc.go.jp - Studies on Hemodynamics and Coronary Circulation

invisionguide.com - The InVision Guide to a Healthy Heart An interactive website

References -

Iskandar, Albert Z. islamset.com - "Comprehensive Book on the Art of Medicine by Ibn al-Nafis". Retrieved May 2 2005. cardiovascular_system organ_systems Category:Cardiovascular systembn:সঞ্চালন !ব্যবস্থাde:Blu tkreislaufes:Sistema? circulatorioeo:Kardiovaskula sistemofr:Circulation sanguineit:Circolazione sanguignahe:מחזור הדםlt:Kraujotakos !sistemamk:Циркулатор ен? системnl:Hart- en !vaatstelselno:Sirkulasjonssyst empt:Sistema? !circulatórioru:Кровооб ращениеsimple:Circulato ry? systemvi:Hệ tuần hoàn DEBUG REDIRECT (circulatory system)

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