computer

a machine for performing calculations automatically an expert at calculation (or at operating calculating machines)

A computer is a device or machine for processing information from data according to a program — a compiled list of instruction. The information to be processed may represent numbers, text, pictures, or sound, amongst many other types.Computers are extremely versatile. In fact, they are ''universal'' information processing machines. According to the Church-Turing thesis, a computer with a certain minimum threshold capability (in technical terms, one way to describe this is that the machine must have the ability to emulate a universal Turing machine) is in principle capable of performing the tasks of ''any'' other computer, from those of a personal digital assistant to a supercomputer. Therefore, the same computer designs have been adapted for tasks from processing company payrolls to controlling industrial robots. Modern electronic computers also have enormous speed and capacity for information processing compared to earlier designs, and they have become exponentially more powerful over the years. This process was dubbed Moore's Law.Computers are present in a variety of physical packages. The original computers were the size of a large room, and such enormous computing facilities still exist for specialised scientific computation - supercomputers - and for the transaction processing requirements of large companies, generally called mainframes. Smaller computers for individual use, called personal computers, are perhaps the form most people are most familiar with, and their portable equivalent the notebook computer. However, the most common form of computer in use today is the embedded computer, a (usually) small computer used to control another device. Machines from fighter planes to digital cameras are controlled by embedded computers.

History of computing - mainHistory of computing Originally, a "computer" (sometimes spelled "computor") was a person who performed numerical calculations under the direction of a mathematician, often with the aid of a variety of mechanical calculating devices from the abacus onward. An example of an early computing device was the Antikythera mechanism, an ancient Greek device for calculating the movements of planets, dating from about 87 BC. The technology responsible for this mysterious device seems to have been lost at some point.The end of the Middle Ages saw a reinvigoration of European mathematics and engineering, and by the early 17th century a succession of mechanical calculating devices had been constructed using clockwork technology. A considerable number of technologies that would later prove vital for the digital computer were developed in the 19th and early 20th centuries, such as the punched card, and the valve, known in America as the vacuum tube. In the 19th century, Charles Babbage was the first to conceptualise and design a fully programmable computer as early as 1837, but due to a combination of the limits of the technology of the time, limited finance, and an inability to resist tinkering with his design (a trait that would in time doom thousands of computer-related engineering projects), the device was never actually constructed in his time.During the first half of the 20th century, many scientific computing needs were met by some increasingly sophisticated, special purpose Analog computeranalog computers, which used a direct physical or electrical model of the problem as a basis for computation. These became increasingly rare after the development of the digital computer.A succession of steadily more powerful and flexible computing devices were constructed in the 1930s and 1940s, gradually adding the key features of modern computers: the use of digital electronics (essentially invented by Claude Shannon in 1937), and more flexible programmability. Defining one point along this road as "the first computer" is exceedingly difficult. Notable achievements include the Atanasoff Berry Computer, a special-purpose machine that used valve-driven computation and binary numbers; Konrad Zuse's Z machines; the electro-mechanical Z3 was arguably the first universal computer, but it was completely impractical to use in this manner; the American ENIAC — a general purpose machine, but with an inflexible architecture that meant reprogramming it essentially required it to be rewired; and the secret British Colossus computer, which had limited programmability but demonstrated that a device using thousands of valves could be made reliable and reprogrammed electronically.The team who developed ENIAC, recognizing its flaws, came up with a far more flexible and elegant design which has become known as the Von Neumann architecturestored program architecture, which is the basis from which virtually all modern computers were derived. A number of projects to develop computers based on the stored program architecture commenced in the late 1940s; the first of these to be up and running was the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, but the EDSAC was perhaps the first ''practical'' version.Valve-driven computers design were used throughout the 1950s, but were eventually replaced with transistor-based computers in the 1960s, which were smaller, faster, cheaper, and much more reliable, and thus smaller, faster, and cheaper computers became available commercially. By the 1970s, the adoption of integrated circuit technology had enabled computers to be produced at a low enough cost to allow individuals to own a personal computer of the type familiar today.

How computers work: the stored program architecture - While the technologies used in computers have changed dramatically since the first electronic, general-purpose, computers of the 1940s, most still use the von Neumann architecturestored program architecture (sometimes called the von Neumann architecture; as the article describes the primary inventors were probably ENIAC designers J. Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly). The design made the universal computer a practical reality.The architecture describes a computer with four main sections: the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), the control unitcontrol circuitry, the computer storagememory, and the input and output devices (collectively termed I/O). These parts are interconnected by a bundle of wires (a "computer busbus") and are usually driven by a timer or Clock signalclock (although other events could drive the control circuitry).Conceptually, a computer's memory can be viewed as a list of cells (see block). Each cell has a numbered "address" and can store a small, fixed amount of information. This information can either be an instruction, telling the computer what to do, or data, the information which the computer is to process using the instructions that have been placed in the memory. In principle, any cell can be used to store either instructions or data.The ALU is in many senses the heart of the computer. It is capable of performing two classes of basic operations: arithmetic operations, the core of which is the ability to add or subtract two numbers but also encompasses operations like "multiply this number by 2" or "divide by 2" (for reasons which will become clear later), as well as some others. The second class of ALU operations involves ''comparison'' operations, which, given two numbers, can determine if they are equal, and if not, which is bigger.The I/O systems are the means by which the computer receives information from the outside world, and reports its results back to that world. On a typical personal computer, input devices include objects like the keyboard and computer mousemouse, and output devices include computer monitors, printers and the like, but as will be discussed later a huge variety of devices can be connected to a computer and serve as I/O devices.The control system ties this all together. Its job is to read instructions and data from memory or the I/O devices, decode the instructions, providing the ALU with the correct inputs according to the instructions, "tell" the ALU what operation to perform on those inputs, and send the results back to the memory or to the I/O devices. One key component of the control system is a counter that keeps track of what the address of the current instruction is; typically this is incremented each time an instruction is executed, unless the instruction itself indicates that the next instruction should be at some other location (allowing the computer to repeatedly execute the same instructions). Physically, since the 1980s the ALU and control unit have been located on a single integrated circuit called a Central Processing Unit or CPU. The functioning of such a computer is in principle quite straightforward. Typically, on each clock cycle, the computer fetches instructions and data from its memory. The instructions are executed, the results are stored, and the next instruction is fetched. This procedure repeats until a ''halt'' instruction is encountered.Larger computers, such as some minicomputers, mainframe computers, servers, differ from the model above in one significant aspect; rather than one CPU they often have a number of them. Supercomputers often have highly unusual architectures significantly different from the basic stored-program architecture, sometimes featuring thousands of CPUs, but such designs tend to be useful only for specialised tasks.

Digital circuits - The conceptual design above could be implemented using a variety of different technologies. As previously mentioned, a stored program computer could be designed entirely of mechanical components like Babbage's. However, digital circuits allow Boolean logic and binary arithmeticarithmetic using binary numerals to be implemented using relays - essentially, electrically controlled switches. Shannon's famous thesis showed how relays could be arranged to form units called logic gates, implementing simple Boolean operations. Others soon figured out the vacuum tubes - electronic devices, could be used instead. Vacuum tubes were originally used as a signal amplifier for radio and other applications, but were used in digital electronics as a very fast switch; when electricity is provided to one of the pins, current can flow through between the other two. Through arrangements of logic gates, one can build digital circuits to do more complex tasks, for instance, an adder (electronics)adder, which implements in electronics the same method - in computer terminology, an algorithm - to add two numbers together that children are taught - add one column at a time, and carry what's left over. Eventually, through combining circuits together, a complete ALU and control system can be built up. This does require a considerable number of components. CSIRAC, one of the earliest stored-program computers, is probably close to the smallest practically useful design. It had about 2,000 valves, Some of which were "dual components", so this represented somewhere between 2 and 4,000 logic components.Vacuum tubes had severe limitations for the construction of large numbers of gates. They were expensive, unreliable (particularly when used in such large quantities), took up a lot of space, and used a lot of electrical power, and, while incredibly fast compared to a mechanical switch, had limits to the speed at which they could operate. Therefore, by the 1960s they were replaced by the transistor, a new device which performed the same task as the tube but was much smaller, faster operating, reliable, used much less power, and was far cheaper. s are the basis of modern digital computing hardware.]]In the 1960s and 1970s, the transistor itself was gradually replaced by the integrated circuit, which placed multiple transistors (and other components) and the wires connecting them on a single, solid piece of silicon. By the 1970s, the entire ALU and control unit, the combination becoming known as a CPU (computer)CPU, were being placed on a single "chip" called a microprocessor. Over the history of the integrated circuit, the number of components that can be placed on one has grown enormously. The first IC's contained a few tens of components; as of 2005, modern microprocessors such from AMD and Intel contain over 100 million transistors.Tubes, transistors, and transistors on integrated circuits can be and are used as the "storage" component of the stored-program architecture, using a circuit design known as a Flip-flop (electronics)flip-flop, and indeed flip-flops are used for small amounts of very high-speed storage. However, few computer designs have used flip-flops for the bulk of their storage needs. Instead, earliest computers stored data in Williams tubes - essentially, projecting some dots on a TV screen and reading them again, or mercury delay lines where the data was stored as sound pulses travelling slowly (compared to the machine itself) along long tubes filled with mercury. These somewhat ungainly but effective methods were eventually replaced by magnetic memory devices, such as magnetic core memory, where electrical currents were used to introduce a permanent (but weak) magnetic field in some ferrous material, which could then be read to retrieve the data. Eventually, DRAM was introduced. A DRAM unit is a type of integrated circuit containing huge banks of an electronic component called a capacitor which can store an electrical charge for a period of time. The level of charge in a capacitor could be set to store information, and then measured to read the information when required.

I/O devices - I/O is a general term for the devices by which a computer is sent information from the outside world, including instructions on what it is to do, and how it sends back the results of its computations; these can either be for the purpose of viewing by people, or perhaps for the purposes of controlling other machines; in a robot, for instance, the controlling computer's major output device is the robot itself. The first generation of computers were typically equipped with a fairly limited range of input devices; a punch card reader or something similar was used to input instructions and data into the computers memory, and some kind of printer, usually a modified teletype, was used to record the results. Over the years, though, a huge variety of other devices have been added. For the personal computer, for instance, Computer keyboardKeyboards, and Computer mousemice, are the primary ways people directly enter information into the computer, and Computer monitormonitors are a major way information from the computer is presented back to the computer user, though printers and some kind of sound-generating device are also very commonly used. There are a huge variety of other devices for obtaining other types of input; one example is the digital camera, which can be used to input visual information. Two of the most prominent classes of I/O device are secondary storage devices such as hard disks, CD-ROMs, USB flash drivekey drives and the like; these represent comparatively slow, but high-capacity devices where information can be stored for later retrieval. Second is devices to access computer networks; the ability to transfer data between computers has opened up a huge range of capabilities for the computer. Collectively, the global Internet lets millions of computers transfer information of all types between each other.

Instructions - The instructions interpreted by the control unit, and executed by the ALU, are not nearly as rich as a human language. A computer only has a limited number of well-defined, simple instructions, but they are not ambiguous. Typical sorts of instructions supported by most computers are "copy the contents of memory cell 5 and place the copy in cell 10", "add the contents of cell 7 to the contents of cell 13 and place the result in cell 20", "if the contents of cell 999 are 0, the next instruction is at cell 30". All computer instructions fall into one of four categories: 1) moving data from one location to another; 2) executing arithmetic and logical processes on data; 3) testing the condition of data; and 4) altering the sequence of operations.Instructions are represented within the computer as binary code - a base two system of counting. For example, the code for one kind of "copy" operation in the Intel line of microprocessors is 10110000. The particular instruction set that a specific computer supports is known as that computer's machine language.To slightly oversimplify, if two computers have CPUs share the same set of instructions, software from one can run on the other without modification. This easy portability of existing software creates a great incentive to stick with existing designs, only switching for the most compelling of reasons, and has gradually narrowed the number of distinct instruction set architectures in the marketplace.

Programs - Computer programs are simply lists of instructions for the computer to execute. This can range from just a few instructions which perform a simple task, to a much more complex instruction list which may also include tables of data. Many computer programs contain millions of instructions, and many of those instructions are executed repeatedly. A typical modern personal computerPC (in the year 2005) can execute around 3 billion instructions per second. Computers do not gain their extraordinary capabilities through the ability to execute complex instructions. Rather, they do millions of simple instructions arranged by people known as "programmers." In practice, people do not normally write the instructions for computers directly in machine language. Such programming is incredibly tedious and highly error-prone, making programmers very unproductive. Instead, programmers describe the desired actions in a "high level" programming language which is then translated into the machine language automatically by special computer programs (Interpreter (computing)interpreters and compilers). Some programming languages map very closely to the machine language, such as Assembly Language (low level languages); at the other end, languages like Prolog are based on abstract principles far removed from the details of the machine's actual operation (high level languages). The language chosen for a particular task depends on the nature of the task, the skillset of the programmers, tool availability and, often, the requirements of the customers (for instance, projects for the US military were often required to be in the Ada programming language). ''Computer software'' is an alternative term for computer programs; it is a more inclusive phrase and includes all the ancillary material accompanying the program needed to do useful tasks. For instance, a Computer and video gamesvideo game includes not only the program itself, but data representing the pictures, sounds, and other material needed to create the virtual environment of the game. A computer application is a piece of computer software provided to many computer users, often in a retail environment. The stereotypical modern example of an application is perhaps the office suite, a set of interrelated programs for performing common office tasks.Going from the extremely simple capabilities of a single machine language instruction to the myriad capabilities of application programs means that many computer programs are extremely large and complex. A typical example is the Mozilla FirefoxFirefox web browser, created from roughly 2 million lines of computer code in the C plus plusC++ programming language; there are many projects of even bigger scope, built by large teams of programmers. The management of this enormous complexity is key to making such projects possible; programming languages, and programming practices, enable the task to be divided into smaller and smaller subtasks until they come within the capabilities of a single programmer in a reasonable period. Nevertheless, the process of developing software remains slow, unpredictable, and error-prone; the discipline of software engineering has attempted, with some partial success, to make the process quicker and more productive and improve the quality of the end product.

Libraries and operating systems - Soon after the development of the computer, it was discovered that certain tasks were required in many different programs; an early example was computing some of the standard mathematical functions. For the purposes of efficiency, standard versions of these were collected in libraries and made available to all who required them. A particularly common task set related to handling the gritty details of "talking" to the various I/O devices, so libraries for these were quickly developed. By the 1960s, with computers in wide industrial use for many purposes, it became common for them to be used for many different jobs within an organization. Soon, special software to automate the scheduling and execution of these many jobs became available. The combination of managing "hardware" and scheduling jobs became known as the "operating system"; the classic example of this type of early operating system was OS/360 by IBM.The next major development in operating systems was timesharing - the idea that multiple users could use the machine "simultaneously" by keeping all of their programs in memory, executing each user's program for a short time so as to provide the illusion that each user had their own computer. Such a development required the operating system to provide each user's programs with a "virtual machine" such that one user's program could not interfere with another's (by accident or design). The range of devices that operating systems had to manage also expanded; a notable one was hard disks; the idea of individual "files" and a hierachical structure of "directories" (now often called folders) greatly simplified the use of these devices for permanent storage. Security access controls, allowing computer users access only to files, directories and programs they had permissions to use, were also common. Perhaps the last major addition to the operating system were tools to provide programs with a standardised graphical user interface. While there are few technical reasons why a GUI has to be tied to the rest of an operating system, it allows the operating system vendor to encourage all the software for their operating system to have a similar looking and acting interface. Outside these "core" functions, operating systems are usually shipped with an array of other tools, some of which may have little connection with these original core functions but have been found useful by enough customers for a provider to include them. For instance, Apple's Mac OS XMac OS X ships with a Video editing softwaredigital video editor application.Not all operating systems provide all of the above functions; operating systems for smaller computers typically provide fewer, such as the highly minimal operating systems for early microcomputers. Embedded computers may have a specialised operating system, or sometimes none at all. Instead the custom programs written for their task perform all necessary functions that would be performed by an operating system in less specialised roles.

Computer applications - The first electronic digital computers, with their large size and cost, mainly performed scientific calculations, often to support military objectives. The ENIAC was originally designed to calculate ballistics firing tables for artillery, but it was also used to calculate neutron cross-sectional densities to help in the design of the hydrogen bomb. This calculation, performed in December, 1945 through January, 1946 and involving over a million punch cards of data, showed the design then under consideration would fail. (Many of the most powerful supercomputers available today are also used for nuclear weapons simulations.) The CSIRACCSIR Mk I, the first Australian stored-program computer, evaluated rainfall patterns for the catchment area of the Snowy Mountains Scheme, a large hydroelectric generation project. Others were used in cryptanalysis, for example the first programmable (though not general-purpose) digital electronic computer, Colossus, built in 1943 during World War II. Despite this early focus of scientific and military engineering applications, computers were quickly used in other areas.From the beginning, stored program computers were applied to business problems. The LEO computerLEO, a stored program-computer built by J. Lyons and Co. in the United Kingdom, was operational and being used for inventory management and other purposes 3 years before IBM built their first commercial stored-program computer.Continual reductions in the cost and size of computers saw them adopted by ever-smaller organizations. And with the invention of the microprocessor in the 1970s, it became possible to produce inexpensive computers. In the 1980s, personal computers became popular for many tasks, including book-keeping, writing and printing documents, calculating forecasts and other repetitive mathematical tasks involving spreadsheets. (CGI) is a central ingredient in motion picture visual effects. The seawater creature in ''The Abyss'' (1989) marked the acceptance of CGI in the visual effects industry.]]As computers have become cheaper, they have been used extensively in the creative arts as well. Sound, still pictures, and video are now routinely created (through synthesizers, computer graphics and computer animation), and near-universally edited by computer. They have also been used for entertainment, with the Computer and video gamesvideo game becoming a huge industry.Computers have been used to control mechanical devices since they became small and cheap enough to do so; indeed, a major spur for integrated circuit technology was building a computer small enough to guide the Apollo programApollo missions and the Minuteman missile, two of the first major applications for embedded computers. Today, it is almost rarer to find a powered mechanical device ''not'' controlled by a computer than to find one that is at least partly so. Perhaps the most famous computer-controlled mechanical devices are robots, machines with more-or-less human appearance and some subset of their capabilities. Industrial robots have become commonplace in mass production, but general-purpose human-like robots have not lived up to the promise of their fictional counterparts and remain either toys or research projects. Robotics, indeed, is the physical expression of the field of artificial intelligence, a discipline whose exact boundaries are fuzzy but to some degree involves attempting to give computers capabilities that they do not currently possess but humans do. Over the years, methods have been developed to allow computers to do things previously regarded as the exclusive domain of humans - for instance, "read" handwriting, play chess, or perform symbolic integration. However, progress on creating a computer that exhibits "general" intelligence comparable to a human has been extremely slow.

Networking and the Internet - In the 1970s, computer engineers at research institutions throughout the US began to link their computers together using telecommunications technology. This effort was funded by Advanced Research Projects AgencyARPA, and the computer network that it produced was called the ARPANET. The technologies that made the Arpanet possible spread and evolved. In time, the network spread beyond academic institutions and became known as the Internet. The emergence of networking involved a redefinition of the nature and boundaries of the computer. In the phrase of John Gage and Bill Joy (of Sun Microsystems), "the network is the computer". That is, computer operating systems and applications were modified to include the ability to define and access the resources of other computers on the network, such as peripheral devices, stored information, and the like, as extensions of the resources of an individual computer. Initially these facilities were available primarily to people working in high-tech environments, but in the 1990s the spread of applications like email and the World Wide Web, combined with the development of cheap, fast networking technologies like Ethernet (on two local scales) and ADSL saw computer networking become ubiquitous in the developed world.

Computing professions and disciplines - In the developed world at least, there is scarcely a profession that does not make use of computers. However, certain professional and academic disciplines have evolved that specialise in techniques to construct, program, and use computers. Terminology for different professional disciplines is still somewhat fluid and new fields emerge from time to time: however, some of the major groupings are as follows:

Computer engineering is that branch of electronic engineering devoted to the physical construction of computers and their attendant components.

Computer science is an academic study of the processes related to computation, such as developing efficient algorithms to perform specific tasks. It has tackled questions as to whether problems can be solved at all using a computer, how efficiently they can be solved, and how to construct efficient programs to compute solutions. A huge array of specialities has developed within computer science to investigate different classes of problem.

Software engineering concentrates on methodologies and practices to allow the development of reliable software systems while minimising, and reliably estimating, costs and timelines.

Information systems concentrates on the use and deployment of computer systems in a wider organizational (usually business) context.

A huge number of disciplines have developed at the intersection of computers with other professions; one of many examples is experts in GISgeographical information systems who apply computer technology to problems of managing geographical information.

See also -

Computer hardware

Computability theory

Computer datasheet

Computer expo

Computer science

Computer types: desktop computerdesktop, laptop, desknote, roll-away computer, embedded computer, cart computer

Computing

Computers in fiction

Digital

History of computing

List of computing topics

Personal computer

Word processing

Computer Programming

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http://www.bigload.de

Network Design and Integration, Network Management, Disaster Prevention and Recovery
Netwise Group Inc. is a Los Angeles based consulting company that provides business automation, computer network, wireless, internet and security solutions, remote and on-site support, and cost-effective IT outsourcing.
http://www.netwisegroup.com/

Optimex Luzern - IT Services / Webdesign / Communications
Optimex - Ihr Partner für hochwertige, massgeschneiderte Computersysteme, optimale Telekommunikationslösungen und professionelle Internetauftritte.
http://www.optimex.ch/

The PC Centre
The PC Centre can offer all the latest products and high quality services at competitive prices. We will not only match our competitors but we will beat them. If you can't find a product that you are looking for we will get it for you. We offer special incentives for the Birmingham UK and Sandwell UK residents. We are your local computer store. We offer all computer products under one roof. Why pay more for the same product.
http://www.thepccentre.com/

PsychoWerk
Praktijk voor psychosociale therapie, persoonlijke groei, coaching, counseling, stressmanagement, safe to go.
http://www.psychowerk.nl/

Computermodshop.com Canada's Modding Source
Canadian computer modding parts.Cold cathode fan grills. UV Light Kits. Pre Modded and Un- modded computer Systems
http://www.computermodshop.com/

DAAS
DAAS computers, IT company, profile computers, periferals, consumables, service, refill cartridges.
http://www.daascom.com/

Netzwerk und Computertechnik
Hier finden Sie alles über Netzwerk und Computertechnik. Digitalphotographie und diverse Bilder. Tips und Tricks.
http://www.webnode.ch/

Computerservice Reikotec - Reinhard Kötter - Siegen
Computer Hardware und Software Vor Ort Service Reparatur individuell aufrüstung Internet Beratung ISDN TDSL Flatrate Telefon und alles mit einem pesoehnlichem Ansprechpartner
http://www.computerservice-reikotec.de/

Motore di Ricerca di manfredonia in rete.. by Matteo Cassa
il progetto di Matteo Cassa,per consentire a tutti gli abitanti di Manfredonia di pubblicizzare gratuitamente una pagina web nel Motore di Ricerca locale
http://www.manfredoniainrete.it/

Audio, Video, Computer Cables
BuyExtras.com specializes in Audio/Video & Computer accessories.
http://www.buyextras.com/

Multi-Link Inc: Dependable Fax Switch - Line Sharing Devices since 1987.
A Multi-Link Voice Modem Fax Switch is designed to last. We manufacture the most dependable and reliable telephone line sharing for fax, fax/modem, computer modem, answering machines and almost anything connect to a phone line. Remote diagnostics, 100% Accuracy and Dependability.
http://www.faxswitch.com

PCA Computers Recanati Assemblaggio e assistenza Computer
Riparazioni, Assistenza, Assemblaggio PC, Vendita notebook. Reti wireless e cablate. Internet.
http://www.pcacomputers.it/

Web Design, Computers and Telephone Systems: with old-fashioned Customer Service
Technology: Web Design, Computers and Telephone Systems -- with old-fashioned Customer Service in this new era at Connecting Montana
http://www.connectingmontana.com/

das-inserat.ch: Gratisinserate für alle
Gratis Inserat mit Foto. Kaufen Verkaufen, Inserieren oder Vermarkten auf das-inserat.ch. Kostenlose Anzeige. Flohmarkt Anzeigenmarkt Marktplatz Fundgrube Fundgrueb auto webhosting Gratis Inserat mit Foto. Kaufen Verkaufen, Inserieren oder Vermarkten auf das-inserat.ch. Kostenlose Anzeige. Flohmarkt Anzeigenmarkt Marktplatz Fundgrube Fundgrueb auto webhosting
http://www.das-inserat.ch

Digital Art Galery
Fine Digital Art
http://www.we-internetgalerie.de/

www.corsinetworking.it
Sito dell'Associazione Immedia, che eroga corsi di formazione nei settori dell'informatica, reti di computer e sicurezza.
http://www.corsinetworking.it/

Quest Hockey Simulator
Simulate hockey games on your PC.
http://www.hockeysimulation.com/

Blindenlesesysteme/Vorlesegeräte
Vorlesegeräte (Texterkennungssysteme sid Geräte, die in der Lage sind, blinden Menschen gedruckte Texte in angenehmer Stimme vorzulesen. Die Ausrichtung der Vorlage (Blattlage) übernimmt das Gerät automatisch ebenso wie die Analyse der Vorlage wodurch Buch- oder Zeitungsdruck gleichermaßen zuverlässig und korrekt erkannt werden. Für blinde PC-Nutzer gibt es das Programm, das sich hinter LISAcompact verbirgt als vollständige Softwarelösung. Alle LISA-Syste sind braillezeilenkompatibel. Das heißt, es können u.a. die Blindenschriftzeilen (=Braillezeilen) der Modellreihe Pegasus angeschlossen werden. Somit kann der blinde Anwender den gelesenen Text auch selbst in Blindenschrift lesen und kontrollieren.
http://www.lisa4.de/

MegaCycle Computersysteme GmbH
Computerfachgeschäft in Karlsruhe. Schwerpunkte: Multimedia, Netzwerke, PC-Systeme
http://www.megacycle.de/

Backend OnLine Shop
Backend OnLine Shop. Computer and hardware eShop best buy Smart market in computers and technology gadgets
http://www.backend.gr

TLA Pc and Web Design Services
Teresa Aurell Lawless web design
http://www.tlaurell.com/

MediaServe
MediaServe is a provider in The Netherlands for dedicated and colocated hosting.
http://www.mediaserve.nl/

Amaranth Games
Download RPG and Adventure Games. Zelda and Final Fantasy lovers, this site is a must!
http://www.amaranthia.com/

ISOLA DEL COMPUTER
Vendita e Assistenza Personal Computer Realizzazione siti internet
http://www.isolacomputer.it/

M SAN Grupa
M SAN Grupa is biggest computer hardware, software and IT solutions distributor in SouthEast Europe Region. we cover Croatia, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia, Austria and Macedonia markets, providing best logistic services, as out motto says: YOUR SMART LOGISTICS.
http://www.msan.hr/

GeertHelpt
If your computer needs maintenance or if you are looking for a new computer, based on your specific needs, Geert Timmermans can help you with this.
http://www.geerthelpt.nl/

WWW.COMPUTERUSATO.COM
USED NOTEBOOKS, USED PERSONAL COMPUTER, USED PRINTERS, USED MONITORS
http://www.computerusato.com/

Steiger-Electronics
Apple Center Innsbruck Austria Telekom-Austria-Partner
http://www.steigermedia.com/

Spy Software
Offers spy software for computer and internet monitoring of emails, keystrokes, websites, chats, and much more.
http://www.spy-software-solutions.com/

gratis-inserieren.ch: der Kleinanzeigenmarkt Gratisinserate, Inserat Gratis, Inserate Gratis
Gratisinserate Inserieren, Gratis Inserat aufgeben, Kaufen Verkaufen Suchen, Kostenlos Inserate veröffentlichen, Gratis Anzeige, gratis Anzeigen, Auto, Autos, Fahrzeug, Fahrzeuge, Webhosting, Computer, EDV, Provider, Homepage, Server, Flohmarkt, Fundgrube, Anzeigenmarkt, Gratisanzeige, Gratis Annonce
http://www.gratis-inserieren.ch

Ghost Computer Club
Sito dell'associazione culturale Ghost Computer Club
http://www.ghostcomputerclub.it/

ISNM International School of New Media at the University of Lübeck
The ISNM offers a unique interdisciplinary Master of Science (M.Sc.) in Digital Media program, which combines information technology and computer science with natural sciences, economics, arts, humanities, social and applied sciences. The internationally accredited program is entirely conducted in English. It focuses on the latest trends of digital media technology and their sustainable use in a global context.
http://www.isnm.de

ARIHANT COMPUTER CENTER, PATIALA
Dedicated to serve all for DTP, Computer, Education, Placement, Flex Print
http://www.arihantcom.com

ARCH Computing Services, Inc.
Affordable Computer and Network Sales, Service and Design
http://www.archcomputing.com/

EDBLEJE.DK.....udlejning/leje af bærbar computer, projektor, pc
Udlejning og leje af projektor og computer
http://www.edbleje.dk/

COMPUTERS
computer repair, new systems, network, updates, windows, linux, unix
http://www.repairmypc.com/

eWiz.com IS YOUR BEST FRIEND! We do the product pricing for you!
The SuperValue Mall for Computer Hardware and Software.
http://www.ewiz.com/

Home Computer Tips
Various tips and techniques for getting the most from your home computer, including both starting and advanced tips covering a wide range of topics.
http://homecomputer.tipcentral.net/

American Information Network
We are a privately-owned Company & provider of: Professional I.T. Resources and e-Business Solutions. We provide the best qualified I.T. Professionals to Clients located across America and internationally. Some of our clients are in the: Aerospace, Chemical, Manufacturing, Telecommunications, Aircraft, Wireless, Medical, Banking, Automotive, Oil, Utility, Financial & Pharmaceutical industries. We provide Businesses with technical resources from ANY desired discipline, on a contractual or permanent basis.
http://www.american-infonetwork.com/

ex machina official webbase
official ex machina website with infos, news, music, photos and more.
http://www.machina-online.de

TUXMAN The Linux Fan Shop
We have Linux Fan stuff and a lot of PC Hard and Software. Here you can get a lot of Linux distribution. Our store is located in Berlin/Germany.
http://www.tuxman.de/

RTM-Consult Zeiterfassung, Time Keeping system, Betriebsorganisation
Wir sind Ihre Partner, wenn es um professionelle Zeiterfassung, Zutrittskontrolle und Auswertungen geht!
http://www.rtm-consult.de/

Sterling Enterprise
Sterling Enterprise is a complete computer hardware and software retailer as well as an IT and network solutions provider offering service to within and around the Roanoke and New River Valley areas.
http://www.sterlingenterprise.net/

BH&A
Brussels-based BH&A develops customised database systems, using Filemaker Pro, on the Windows® and MacOS® platforms. We apply our experience to your business, analysing your requirements and then design and implement fully proven systems. We strive to develop products of the highest quality, delivered with exceptional customer service, using a process designed to create the most effective and efficient solutions for all sizes of budget.
http://www.bh-a.com/

we make you successful
Leading infoportal for IT-Startups with more than 600.000 tips and links.
http://www.hannoverstartup.de/

capitolouno digital art
A study about aesthetic and ethic evolution in digital art that comprehends any kind of changes obtained by classical art with a direct comparison. My work starts with an analysis about tecnological evolution and figurative digital expression, going through ethical problems of originality and liberty, effective possibilities given by computer art, creativity processes, mirroring beetween art and everyday-life, exposition problems and purity of artworks, and so on.
http://www.capitolouno.com/

مجله ساختمان و کامپیوتر -حاوی مطالبی در حوزه ساختمان و نرم افزار های مربوط به طراحی،محاسبه و اجرای ساختمان
Construction and computer is a magazine that contained some article about construction, management and programming
http://www.sandcmag.com/

AboutPC:de Computergeschichte - Betiebssysteme und mehr
Linux, Hilfe, Betriebssysteme, Geschichte, Fireball79, Berlin, Marco Gesche, aboutpc.de,privat, bilder, computer, geschichte, deutsch, windows, online, tarife, news, nachrichten, informationen, MG79, Yast, Tux, Winlinux,Windows, MacOS, Commodore, PET, Sinclair, Apple,Spectrum, ZX81, Hardware, Peddel,VC 20, Lisa, Apple IIe, Trojaner, Wuermer, Anisbomben, Polymorphe, Berlin, Brandenburg, Waldesruh
http://www.aboutpc.de

Servant of the Lord: Online!
Central Virginia's Premier Christian Online Service
http://www.sotl.org/

Technology Headquarters Inc.
Technology Headquarters was founded in July of 2002 as a local technology store in Rotterdam/Schenectady/Albany, NY. We sell service, computers, cell phones, web-sites, car/home audio, and much more. We offer our customers great products at great prices.
http://www.technologyheadquarters.com/

Big Oxford Computer Co Ltd
The Big Oxford Computer Company (BOCC) Ltd is an Information Technology (IT) services company based in Oxford and London, offering a range of products and specialising in web development and the provision of fully managed server hosting services.
http://www.bocc.co.uk/

Computer Mechanix, Inc.
Computer Mechanix, Inc. was established in March 2002 by Eric Jacobson and Woody Feffer to provide computer diagnostic & repair services for commercial and residential customers in Buncombe County, North Carolina. Their phone number is 828-281-4379 and email address is contact@computermechanix.com.
http://www.computermechanix.com/

Computer Time Avezzano - Hardware, Software, Web design, Servizi
Computer Time Avezzano - Vendita computer, hardware e software, realizzazione siti web, web design, web redesign, sviluppo software, servizi, assistenza
http://www.computertime-az.it/

Suchmaschine mit Webkatalog aus Mecklenburg Vorpommern.
Im Webkatalog mit Suchmaschine aus Mecklenburg Vorpommern finden Sie schnell wonach Sie suchen. Suchen und finden im Webkatalog mit Suchmaschine aus M-V. In den Kategorien des umfangreichen Webkataloges finden Sie Links zu vielen interessanten Themen. Kostenlos können Webmaster Ihren Link in das Web-Verzeichnis eintragen.
http://www.allessucher.de/

Hyaxx Informationssysteme
IT-Consulting
http://www.hyaxx.de/

Jake Sheridan
Counsellor and Computer Programmer
http://www.jakesheridan.com/

HCI Bibliography
The HCI Bibliography (HCIBIB) is a free-access bibliography on Human-Computer Interaction, with over 33,000 records in a searchable database. HCIBIB.ORG is also one of the premier portals to high-quality information on the development of usable software and Web-based systems.
http://www.hcibib.org/

Boostaroo.com
Boostaroo.com offers the world's smallest portable amplifiers and splitters in the world. Our amplifiers are the perfect audio accessories that offer the added volume increase you need for your MP3, DVD, and CD players, laptops and PC's, scanners and intercom systems, game systems, satellite radio, FM transmitters, and home stereo systems without any added distortion. If it plays audio, it needs a Boostaroo.
http://www.boostaroo.com

LMCSOFT
Solution on demand! We provide project-specialized applications to our customers. With the availablitiy of MDA and MDSD we are much faster in the realization process than other software companies.
http://www.lmcsoft.com/

bestklick.de - CaseModding, Fraktale und interessante Links
bestklick.de - CaseModding, Fraktale und interessante Links
http://www.bestklick.de/

Limac Consulting- und Handels.Ges.m.b.H.
Limac GmbH - Die Computerprofis aus Wien in Sachen Webdesign, Grafik, Layout, Hardware, Software und Netzwerktechnik.
http://www.limac.at/

eClub Computer
eClub Computer offers custom configuration of personal computers, portables and servers. Build your own PC--get the best value with latest technology--order online
http://www.eclubcomputer.com/

Netzwerke und Web-Design Dipl. Ing. Bernd Scheler - wir bleiben dran, bis alles läuft
Netzwerke, Computer, Service, EDV, DSL, VOIP, Telefon, Planung, Beratung, Internetauftritte, Hard- und Softwareentwicklung, kostengünstig und professionell
http://www.web25.de/

The Outsiders
Relax and meet new friends, discuss life, music, books, art or poetry. Find some more discussions or help with your pc-problems. Present your Websites in our Showroom or write some funny Storys for our Website too. Write a review or take a look in our music-, film-, hardware or gamereviewdatabase. Your're welcome to find a german site and forum to spend your time there.
http://the-outsiders.net

de Solliers, traducteur informatique, France, terminologie, dictionnaire, Rueil
F. de Solliers, f2s, traducteur spécialisé en informatique, Internet, Web ; travaux de terminologie, auteur d'un dictionnaire complet anglais vers français d'informatique, Rueil, proche de Paris, France ; membre des SFT, CSTIC, SGDL ; French translator specialized in computing, information technology, translation, translating, translate, translations, computing, Internet, Web, terminology, lexicographer, dictionary, Rueil, France, member of the CSTIC, SFT, SGDL
http://www.de-solliers.fr/

Visual SCSI Explorer
Testing of SCSI devices under Windows 2000/XP/2003. Visualization of SCSI host configuration. Manual and scripted (JScript, VBScript) command execution. Optimized for Medium Changer SCSI devices. SCSI Pass Through helpers.
http://scsiexplorer.com.ua/

Zitech Computer Udlejning ApS
Udlejning af pc'er og pc-udstyr til det danske erhvervsliv
http://www.zcu.dk/

NovaTrix / Animedo GmbH
Konzeption, Gestaltung und Programmierung von Multimedia-Software, insbesondere Computerspiele, Kindersoftware, Lernspiele, Quizspiele, Werbespiele, Onlinespiele, Internetpräsentationen.
http://www.novatrix.de/

Apple Computer, Inc.
Designs, develops, produces, markets and services microprocessor-based personal computers, related software and peripheral products. (Nasdaq: AAPL)
http://www.apple.com/

Dell Computer Corporation
Designs, develops, manufactures, markets, services and supporst high-performance computer systems and related equipment, including workstations, desktop systems, notebooks and network servers, as well as software, peripherals and service and support programs. (Nasdaq: DELL).
http://www.dell.com/

IEEE Computer Society
The IEEE Computer Society is one of the major international professional bodies for IT professionals.
http://www.computer.org/

Compaq (USA)
vendor of fingerprint identification technology
http://www.compaq.com//products/options/fit/index.html

Computerworld Magazine
Online home of the magazine. technology news
http://www.computerworld.com