Dictionary
a ductile malleable reddish-brown corrosion-resistant diamagnetic metallic element occurs in various minerals but is the only metal that occurs abundantly in large masses used as an electrical and thermal conductor a copper penny uncomplimentary terms for a policeman a reddish-brown color resembling the color of polished copper any of various small butterflies of the family Lycaenidae having coppery wings coat with a layer of copper
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Wikipedia
otheruses 29 symbol=Cu name=copper left=nickel right=zinc above=- below=silverAg color1=#ffc0c0 color2=black Elementbox_series transition metals 11 period=4 block=d Elementbox_appearance_img Cu,29metallic brown Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm 1 E-26 kg63.546(3) Elementbox_econfig [argonAr] 3d10 4s1 Elementbox_epershell 2, 8, 18, 1 #ffc0c0 color2=black Elementbox_phase solid Elementbox_density_gpcm3nrt 8.96 Elementbox_densityliq_gpcm3mp 8.02 1357.77 c=1084.62 f=1984.32 2835 c=2562 f=4643 Elementbox_heatfusion_kjpmol 13.26 Elementbox_heatvaporiz_kjpmol 300.4 !Elementbox_heatcapacity_jpmolk at25? 24.440 #ffc0c0 color2=black Elementbox_crystalstruct cubic face centered Elementbox_oxistates 2, 1
(mildly base (chemistry)basic oxide) Elementbox_electroneg_pauling 1.90 Elementbox_ionizationenergies4 745.5 1957.9 3555 Elementbox_atomicradius_pm 1 E-10 m135 Elementbox_atomicradiuscalc_pm 1 E-10 m145 Elementbox_covalentradius_pm 1 E-10 m138 Elementbox_vanderwaalsrad_pm 1 E-10 m140 #ffc0c0 color2=black Elementbox_magnetic diamagnetismdiamagnetic Elementbox_eresist_ohmmat20 16.78 n !Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat3 00k? 401 !Elementbox_thermalexpansion_um pmkat25? 16.5 !Elementbox_speedofsound_rodmps atrt? (annealed)
3810 Elementbox_youngsmodulus_gpa 130 Elementbox_shearmodulus_gpa 48 Elementbox_bulkmodulus_gpa 140 Elementbox_poissonratio 0.34 Elementbox_mohshardness 3.0 Elementbox_vickershardness_mpa 369 Elementbox_brinellhardness_mpa 874 Elementbox_cas_number 7440-50-8 copper color1=#ffc0c0 color2=black 63 sym=Cu na=69.17% n=34 65 sym=Cu na=30.83% n=36 Elementbox_isotopes_end #ffc0c0 color2=black Copper is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Cu and atomic number 29.
History - In Greek times, the metal was known by the name ''chalkos'' !(χαλκό ;ς).? Copper was a very important resource for the Romans and Greeks. In Roman times, it became known as ''aes Cyprium'' (''aes'' being the generic Latin term for copper alloys such as bronze and other metals, and because so much of it was mined in Cyprus). From this, the phrase was simplified to ''cuprum'' and then eventually Anglicized into the English ''copper''.Copper was known to some of the oldest civilizations on record, and has a history of use that is at least 10,000 years old. A copper pendant was found in what is now northern Iraq that dates to 8700 BC. By 5000 BC there are signs of copper smelting, the refining of copper from simple copper oxides such as malachite or azurite. The earliest signs of gold use, by contrast, appear around 4000 BC.There are copper and bronze artifacts from Sumerian cities that date to 3000 BC, and Ancient EgyptEgyptian artifacts in copper and copper alloyed with tin nearly as old. In one pyramid, a copper plumbing system was found that is 5000 years old. from Zakros, Crete. The ingot is shaped in the form of an animal skin, a typical shape of copper ingots from these times.]]The Egyptians found that adding a small amount of tin made the metal easier to cast, so bronze alloys are found in Egypt almost as soon as copper is found. Use of copper in ancient China dates to at least 2000 BC. By 1200 BC excellent bronzes were being made in China. Note that these dates are affected by wars and conquest, as copper is easily melted down and reused. In Europe, Oetzi the Iceman, a well preserved male dated to 3200 BC, was found with a copper tipped axe whose metal was 99.7% pure. High levels of arsenic in his hair suggests he was involved in copper smelting.The use of bronze was so pervasive in a certain era of civilization that it has been named the Bronze Age. The transitional period in certain regions between the preceding Neolithic period and the Bronze Age is termed the Chalcolithic, with some high purity copper tools being used alongside stone tools. Brass, an alloy of zinc and copper, was known to the Ancient_GreeceGreeks but first used extensively by the Ancient RomeRomans.Copper was associated with the goddess Aphrodite/Venus (goddess)Venus in mythology and alchemy, owing to its lustrous beauty, its ancient use in producing mirrors, and its association with Cyprus, which was sacred to the goddess.In alchemy the symbol for copper was also the symbol for the planet Venus (planet)Venus.
Biological role - Copper is essential in all higher plants and animals. Copper is carried mostly in the bloodstream on a plasma protein called ceruloplasmin. When copper is first absorbed in the gut it is transported to the liver bound to albumin. Copper is found in a variety of enzymes, including the copper centers of cytochrome c oxidase, the Cu-Zn containing enzyme superoxide dismutase, and is the central metal in the oxygen carrying pigment hemocyanin. The blood of the horseshoe crab, ''Limulus polyphemus'' uses copper rather than iron for oxygen transport.It is believed that zinc and copper compete for absorption in the digestive tract so that a diet that is excessive in one of these minerals may result in a deficiency in the other. The Recommended Dietary AllowanceRDA for copper in normal healthy adults is 0.9 milligrammg/day.
Toxicity - All copper compounds, unless otherwise known, should be treated as if they were toxic. 30g of copper sulfate is potentially lethal in humans. The suggested safe level of copper in drinking water for humans varies depending on the source, but tends to be pegged at 1.5 to 2 mg/l. The Dietary Reference IntakeDRI Tolerable Upper Intake Level for adults of dietary copper from all sources is 10 mg/day.An inherited condition called Wilson's disease causes the body to retain copper, since it is not excreted by the liver into the bile. This disease, if untreated, can lead to brain and liver damage. In addition, studies have found that people with mental illnesses such as schizophrenia had heightened levels of copper in their systems. However it is unknown at this stage whether the copper contributes to the mental illness, whether the body attempts to store more copper in response to the illness, or whether the high levels of copper are the result of the mental illness.
Miscellaneous hazards - The metal, when powdered, is a fire hazard. At concentrations higher than 1 mg/L, copper can stain clothes and items washed in water.
Physical characteristics - Copper is a reddish-coloured metal, with a high electrical conductivityelectrical and thermal conductivity (among pure metals at room temperature, only silver has a higher electrical conductivity). Copper has its characteristic color because it reflects red and orange light and absorbs other frequencies in the visible spectrum, due to its band structure.There are two stable isotopes, 63Cu and 65Cu, along with a couple dozen radioisotopes. The vast majority of radioisotopes have half lives on the order of minutes or less, the longest lived, 64Cu, has a half life of 12.7 hours, with two decay modes, leading to two separate products.There are numerous alloys of copper - speculum metal is a copper/tin alloy, brass is a copper/zinc alloy, and bronze is a copper/tin alloy. Monel metal is a copper/nickel alloy, also called cupronickel.
Compounds - Common oxidation states of copper include the less stable copper(I) state, Cu+1; and the more stable copper(II) state, Cu+2, which forms lovely blue or blue-green salts. Under unusual conditions, a +3 state can be obtained.Copper(II) carbonate is green from which arises the unique appearance of copper-clad roofs or domes on some buildings. Copper(II) sulfate forms a blue crystalline pentahydrate which is perhaps the most familiar copper compound in the laboratory. It is used as a fungicide, known as Bordeau mixture.There are two stable copper oxides, copper(II) oxide (CuO) and copper(I) oxide (Cu2O). Copper oxides are used to make yttrium barium copper oxide !(YBa2Cu 3O7-δ)? or YBCO which forms the basis of many unconventional superconductors.Copper (I) compounds : Copper(I) chloride, Copper(I) oxide.Copper (II) compounds : copper(II) carbonate, copper(II) chloride, copper(II) hydroxide, copper(II) nitrate, Copper(II) oxide, Copper(II) sulfate, copper(II) sulfide.
Occurrence - .]]See Copper extraction for the main article.''Copper can be found as native copper in mineral form. Minerals such as the carbonates azurite !(Cu3(CO 3)2(OH)2)? and malachite !(Cu2CO& lt;sub>3(OH)< ;sub>2)? are sources of copper, as are sulfides such as chalcopyrite !(CuFeS2 ),? bornite !(Cu5FeS 4),? covellite (CuS), chalcocite (Cu2S) and oxides like cuprite !(Cu2O). Most? copper ore is mined or copper extractionextracted from large open pit mines in copper porphyry deposits that contain 0.4 to 1.0 percent copper. Examples include: Chuquicamata in Chile and El Chino mine in New Mexico. The average abundance of copper found within crustal rocks is approximately 68000 parts per billion by mass, and 22000 parts per billion by atoms. The Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries (CIPEC), defunct since 1992, once tried to play a similar role for copper as OPEC does for oil, but never achieved the same influence, not least because the second-largest producer, the United States, was never a member. Formed in 1967, its principal members were Chile, Peru, Zaire, and Zambia.
Tests for !copper2+ - Add aqueous sodium hydroxide. A blue precipitate of copper(II) hydroxide should form, by the displacement of the copper ions by sodium ions. Ionic !equation::Cu2+(aq)? + !2OH-< ;sub>(aq)? -> Cu(OH)2 (s)Add aqeuous ammonia. A precipitate should form, which then dissolves upon adding excess ammonia, to form an ammonia complex, tetraaminecopper(II).Ionic !equation::Cu2+(aq)? + 4NH3 (aq) -> !Cu(NH3) 42+ (aq)
Applications - Copper is malleable and ductile, and is used extensively, in products such as: Copper wire. Copper plumbing. Doorknobs and other fixtures in houses. StatueStatuary: The Statue of Liberty, for example, contains 179,200 pounds (81.3 tonnes) of copper. Electromagnets. Motors, especially electromagnetic motors. James WattWatt's steam engine. Electrical relays, electrical busbars and electrical switches. Vacuum tubes, cathode ray tubes, and the magnetrons in microwave ovens. WaveguideWave guides for microwave radiation. There is increasing use of copper in integrated circuits, replacing aluminium because of its superior conductivity. Alloyed with nickel, e.g. cupronickel and Monel, used as corrosive resistant materials in shipbuilding. As a component of coins, often as cupronickel alloy. In cookware, such as frying pans. Most flatware (knifeknives, forks, spoons) contains some copper (nickel silver). Sterling silver, if it is to be used in dinnerware, must contain a few percent copper. As a component in ceramic glazes, and to color glass. Musical instruments, especially brass instruments. As a biostatic surface in hospitals, and to line parts of ships to protect against barnacles and mussels, originally used pure, but superceded by Muntz Metal. Bacteria will not grow on a copper surface because it is biostatic. Copper doorknobs are used by hospitals to reduce the transfer of disease, and Legionnaire's Disease is supressed by copper tubing in air-conditioning systems. Compounds, such as Fehling's solution, have applications in chemistry. Copper(II) sulfate is used as a poison and a water purifier. It is used in gardening powders and sprays to kill mildew.
References - periodic.lanl.gov - Los Alamos National Laboratory - Copper''Copper: Technology & Competitiveness (Summary)'' Chapter 6: Copper Production Technology; Author: Office of Technology Assessment 2005
External links - CommonsCopper webelements.com - WebElements.com – Copperhealingedge.net - Copper Toxicity Syndromebest-home-remedies.com - Copper- Benefits, Deficiency Symptoms And Food Sources copper.org - The Copper Pagey2u.co.uk - Photos of the Parys Mountain Copper Mine near Amlwch, Anglesey, Walesgindre.com - Current copper price as at June 2005, about USD$3,500 / tonne.indexmundi.com - World mine production of copper by countryCategory:Chemical elementsCategory:Transition metalsaf:Koperbg:Медca:Cour ecs:Měďcy:Coprda:Kobberde:Ku pferet:Vaskes:Cobreeo:Kuprofa: مس? !(فلز)fr:Cuivreko:구리hr:B akario:Kuprois:Koparit:Ramehe: נחושתkw:Koberku:Sifirla:C uprumlv:Varšlt:Varishu:Rézmk :Бакарmi:Konukuranl:Koper ? !(element)nds:Kopperja:銅no:Ko bbernn:Koparoc:Coirepl:Miedźp t:Cobrero:Cupruru:Медьsimp le:Coppersl:Bakersr:Бакар ? (хемијски !елемент)fi:Kuparisv:Kop parth:ทองแดงvi:Đ ng? (nguyên !tố)tr:Bakıruk:Мідьzh:
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Websites
Jacobs Kitchen - Cookware from Cooks to Cooks
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The Copper Data Center is a bibliographic database covering the technological and environmental literature on copper, brass and bronze. It is created and maintained by the Copper Development Association Inc.
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Label known for its historical live recordings and radio sessions, as well as contemporary releases. Site provides catalog, calendar, links, email, releases and ordering information.
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Provides high-speed digital subscriber line based communication solutions which enable service providers to deploy high-bandwidth services over traditional copper wire telephone infrastracture. (Nasdaq: CMTN).
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