Dictionary
a republic in northeastern Africa known as the United Arab Republic until 1971 site of an ancient civilization that flourished from 2600 to 30 BC an ancient empire to the west of Israel centered on the Nile River and ruled by a Pharaoh figured in many events described in the Old Testament
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otheruses - align="center" colspan=2 ''National anthem: Bilady, Bilady, Bilady''- align=center colspan=2 - Official language Arabic languageArabic- Other widely spoken languages English languageEnglish, French languageFrench- Capital and Largest City Cairo- President of EgyptPresident Hosni Mubarak- Prime Minister of EgyptPrime Minister Ahmed NazifDr Ahmed Nazif- Area
- Total
- % water List of countries by areaRanked 29th
1 E12 m²1,001,450 km²
0.6%- Population
- Total (2005)
- Population densityDensity List of countries by populationRanked 15th
77,505,756
75/km²- IndependencePartial Independence
- Granted
-Total Independence from the United KingdomUK
28 February, 1922
18 June 1953- Currency Egyptian Pound (LE/£E/EGP)- Time zone
- in European Summer Timesummer Eastern European TimeEET (Coordinated Universal TimeUTC+2)
Eastern European Summer TimeEEST (Coordinated Universal TimeUTC+3)- National anthem ''Biladi, Biladi''- Top-level domainInternet TLD .eg- List of country calling codesCalling Code 20}The Arab Republic of Egypt, commonly known as Egypt, (in Arabic languageArabic: مصر, Romanizationromanized ''Misr'', or ''Masr'' in Egyptian ArabicEgyptian dialect), ''kemet'' in Ancient Egyptian, is a transcontinental countrytranscontinental republic predominantly in north-eastern Africa and southwest Asia. While it is Physical geographygeographically located almost entirely in Africa, it is for cultural geographycultural and political geographypolitical reason sometimes grouped with the greater Middle Eastern region.Covering an area of about 1,020,000 km², Egypt shares land borders with Libya to the west, Sudan to the south, and Israel and the Gaza Strip to the northeast and has coasts on the north and east by the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, respectively.Egypt is the second most populous country in Africa, and the vast majority of its 77 million population (2005) lives less than a kilometer away from the banks of the Nile River (about 40,000 km²), where the only arable agricultural land is found. Large areas of land are part of the Sahara Desert and are sparsely inhabited. The majority of Egyptians today are urban, living in the great Arab population centers of greater Cairo, the largest city in Africa, and Alexandria.Egypt is famous for its Ancient Egyptancient civilization and some of the world's most stunning ancient monuments, including the Giza_pyramid_complexGiza Pyramids, the Karnak Temple and the Valley of the Kings; the southern city of Luxor contains a particularly large number of ancient artifacts. Today, Egypt is widely regarded as the main political and cultural centre of the Arab and Middle Eastern regions.
Origin and history of the name - ''Misr'', the Arabic languageArabic and official name for modern Egypt, is of Semitic origin directly cognate with the Hebrew languageHebrew מִצְרַיִם ''Misráyim'' meaning "the two straits", and possibly means "a country" or "a state." The ancient name for the country, ''kemet'', or "black land," is derived from the fertile black soils deposited by the Nile floods, distinct from the 'red land' (''deshret'') of the desert. This name became ''keme'' in a later stage of Coptic. The English name "Egypt" came via the Latin word ''Aegyptus'' derived from the ancient Greek word Αίγυπτος ''Aiguptos'' (see also List of traditional Greek place names), which in turn is derived from the ancient Egyptian languageEgyptian phrase '' ḥwt-k3-ptḥ'' ("Hwt ka Ptah") meaning "home of the Egyptian soulKa (part of the soul) of Ptah," the name of a temple of the god Ptah at Memphis, EgyptMemphis. For details see the article ''Copt''.
History - ''Main article: History of Egypt''The regularity and richness of the annual Nile River flood, coupled with semi-isolation provided by deserts to the east and west, allowed for the development of one of the world's great civilizations. A unified kingdom was founded circa 3200 BC by King Menes, and a series of dynasties ruled in Egypt for the next three millennia. (Judaism celebrates a holiday, Passover, which is based on, according to Jewish tradition, the freeing of ancient Hebrews from servitude under one of those kings, even though there is no definite archaeological evidence for such an event.) The last native dynasty, known as the Thirtieth Dynasty, fell to the IranPersians in 341 BC who dug the predecessor of the Suez canal and connected the Red Sea to the Mediterranean. Later, Egypt fell to the Greeks, Romans, Byzantines and Persians again. It was the Muslim Arabs who introduced Islam and the Arabic language in the seventh century changing Egypt into a linguistically "Arab" nation. Muslim rulers nominated by the Islamic Caliphate remained in control of Egypt for the next six centuries. A local military caste, the Mamluks took control about 1250 and continued to govern even after the conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman Turks in 1517.Following the completion of the Suez Canal in 1869, Egypt became an important world transportation hub; however, the country also fell heavily into debt. Ostensibly to protect its investments, United KingdomBritain seized control of Egypt's government in 1882, but nominal allegiance to the Ottoman Empire continued until 1914.Partially independent from the UK in 1922, Egypt acquired full sovereignty following World War II. Between 1924-1936 there existed a short-lived attempt to model Egypt's constitutional government after the European style of government; known as Egypt's Liberal Experiment. In 1952 a popularly-supported military ''coup d'état'' forced King Farouk I, a constitutional monarch, to abdicate in support of his son King Ahmed Fouad II . Finally the Egyptian Republic was declared on 18 June 1953 with General Mohamed Naguib as the first President of the Republic. After Naguib resigned in 1954, Gamal Abdel Nasser, the real architect of the 1952 Revolution, assumed Political powerpower as President and nationalized the Suez Canal leading to the 1956 Suez Crisis. Nasser came out of the war an Arab hero, and Nasserism won widespread influence in the region. Between 1958 and 1961 Egypt and Syria formed a union known as the United Arab Republic. Three years after the 1967 Six Day War, in which Egypt lost the Sinai to Israel, Nasser died and was succeeded by Anwar Sadat, who presented his takeover in terms of a The Corrective RevolutionCorrective Revolution. Sadat switched Egypt's Cold War allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States, expelling Soviet advisors in 1972, and launched the Infitah economic reform, while violently clamping down on religious and secular opposition alike. In 1973, Egypt, along with Syria, launched a surprise attack on Israel in the October War,which despite not being a military success was by most accounts a political victory. Both the United States and the USSR intervened and a cease-fire was reached between Egypt and Israel. In 1979, Sadat made Camp David Accordspeace with Israel in exchange for the Sinai, a move which sparked enormous controversy in the Arab world and led to Egypt's expulsion from the Arab League (it was readmitted in 1989). Sadat was murdered by a religious fundamentalist in 1981, and succeeded by Hosni Mubarak. are at the heart of Egypt's thriving tourism industry.]]
Politics - ''Main article: Politics of Egypt''Egypt has been a republic since 18 June 1953. President Hosni MubarakMohamed Hosni Mubarak has been the President of EgyptPresident of the Republic since October 14 1981, following the assassination of former President Anwar Sadat on October 6 1981. Mubarak is currently serving his fifth term in office. He is the leader of the ruling National Democratic Party (Egypt)National Democratic Party. Heads of government of EgyptPrime Minister Ahmed Nazif was sworn in as Prime Minister on 9 July 2004, following the resignation of Dr. Atef Ebeid from his office.The permanent headquarters for the League of Arab States is located in Cairo. Egypt was the first Arab state to establish peace with the State of Israel after the signing of the Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty after the Camp David Accords (1978)Camp David Accords. Egypt also has a major influence on the other Arab states. Historically, Egypt has played the role of a mediator in resolving disputes of various Arab nations. Most Arab nations still use Egypt in that role.Egypt supposedly operates under a Multi-party systemmulti-party semi-presidential system where the executive power is divided between the President and the Prime Minister. Egypt holds regular single-candidate presidential and multi-party parliamentary elections. The last presidential election was held in September 2005, in which Mubarak won again. However, after the September elections there has been expressed concern from international human rights observers concerning freedom of speech, government interference in local elections and vote-rigging.In late February 2005, Mubarak announced on a surprise television broadcast that he has ordered the reform of the country's presidential election law, paving the way for multi-candidate polls in the coming election. For the first time in Egypt's history, the people will have a chance to elect their leader in a closely watched election. The President said his initiative came "out of my full conviction of the need to consolidate efforts for more freedom and democracy." However, the new law places draconian restrictions on the filing of presidential candidacies designed to pave the road for Mubarak's easy re-election. As a result most Egyptians are sceptical about the process of democratisation and the role of elections.
Governorates - ''Main article: Governorates of Egypt''Egypt is divided into 26 governorates (''Muhafazat;'' singular – ''Muhafazah''):AswanAsyutAl Bahr al Ahmar Governorateal-Bahr al-Ahmar (Red Sea)Bani SuwayfAl Buhayrahal-BuhayrahBur Sa'id (Port Said)Ad Daqahliyahad-DaqahliyahDumyat (Damietta)Al Fayyumal-FayyumAl Gharbiyahal-GharbiyahAl Iskandariyahal-Iskandariyah (Alexandria)Al Isma'iliyahal-Isma'iliyahJanub Sina' (South Sinai)Al Jizahal-Jizah (Giza)Kafr ash ShaykhMatruhAl Minufiyahal-MinufiyahAl Minyaal-Minya| Al Qahirahal-Qahirah (Cairo)Al Qalyubiyahal-QalyubiyahQinaShamal Sina' (North Sinai)Ash Sharqiyah Governorateash-SharqiyahSuhajAs Suwaysas-Suways (Suez)Al Wadi al Jadidal-Wadi al-Jadid (New Valley) | | |
Foreign relations - mainForeign relations of Egypt , with the Pyramid of Khafre in the background]] is one of the largest cities in Africa and the Middle East]] Muslims]] faith as members of the Coptic Church]] Geography, population, history, military strength, and diplomatic expertise give Egypt extensive political influence in the Middle East. Cairo has been a crossroads of Arab commerce and culture for millennia, and its intellectual and Islamic institutions are at the center of the region's social and cultural development.The League of Arab States headquarters is in Cairo. The Secretary General of the League has traditionally been an Egyptian. Former Egyptian Foreign Minister Amr Moussa is the present Secretary General of the Arab League.Egyptian Deputy Prime Minister Boutros Boutros-Ghali served as Secretary General of the United Nations from 1991 to 1996.Egypt is on good terms with all of its neighbours, and was the first Arab nation to make peace with Israel. It has a territorial dispute with Sudan over the Hala'ib Triangle.
Economy - ''Main article: Economy of Egypt''Egypt's economy depends mainly on agriculture, media, petroleum exports, and tourism; there are also more than 5 million Egyptians working abroad, mainly in Saudi Arabia, the Gulf area like UAE, and Europe. The United States as well has a large population of Egyptian immigrants.The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake Nasser have altered the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population (the largest in the Arab world), limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress society.The government has struggled to ready the economy for the new millennium through economic reform and massive investment in communications and physical infrastructure, much financed from U.S. foreign aid (since 1979, an average of 2.2 billion dollars per year). Egypt is the third largest recipient of such funds from the United States following the Iraq war. Economic conditions are starting to improve considerably after a period of stagnation due to the adoption of more liberal economic policies by the government, as well as increased revenues from tourism and a booming stock market.
Demographics - ''Main article: Demographics of Egypt''Egypt is the most populous Arab country, at about 77,500,000 people. Nearly all the population is concentrated along the River Nile, notably Alexandria and Cairo, and along the Nile Delta and near the Suez Canal. Approximately 90% of the population adheres to Islam and most of the remainder to Christianity (primarily the Coptic ChristianityCoptic denomination).The Egyptians are a fairly homogeneous people. Mediterranean (Middle Eastern, Southern European) influences appear in the north, and indigenous black populations live in the south. Many theories have been proposed on the origins of the Egyptians; however, none are conclusive, and the most widely accepted theory is that Egyptian society was the result of a mix of East African and Asiatic people who moved to the Nile Valley after the Ice Age. The bulk of Modern Egyptian society still maintains a homogenous genetic tie to the ancient Egyptian society which has always been regarded as rural and most populous compared to the neighboring demographics. The Egyptian people have spoken only languages from the Afro-Asiatic family (previously known as Hamito-Semitic) throughout their history starting with Old Egyptian, to modern Arabic.Ethnic minorities include a small number of Bedouin Arab nomads in the Sinai and eastern and western deserts, as well as some Nubians clustered along the Nile in Upper (southern) Egypt who are estimated for about 0.8% of the population.
Geography - ''Main articles: Geography of Egypt'' Towns and cities include Alexandria, Aswan, Asyut, Cairo, El-Mahalla El-Kubra, Giza, Hurghada, Luxor, Kom Ombo, Port Safaga, Port Said, Sharm el Sheikh, Shubra-El-Khema, Suez, Zagazig,Al-Minya.Deserts: Egypt includes parts of the Sahara Desert and of the Libyan DesertoasisOases include: Bahariya Oasis, Dakhleh Oasis, Farafra Oasis, Kharga Oasis, Siwa Oasis.Egypt borders on Libya on the west, on Sudan on the south and on Israel on the northeast. It controls the Suez Canal between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.Egypt's important role in geopolitics stems from its strategic position: as a land bridge between Africa and Asia, and as a passage between the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean through the Suez Canal.
Culture - ''Main article: Culture of Egypt''Egypt's capital city, Cairo, is Africa's largest city and has been renowned for centuries as a center of learning, culture and commerce. The Egyptian Academy of the Arabic Language is responsible for regulating the Arabic Language throughout the world.Egypt also hosts two major religious institutions. Al-Azhar University, the oldest IslamIslamic institution for higher studies (founded around 970 CE) with its corresponding mosque Al-Azhar. The head of Al-Azhar is traditionally regarded as the supreme leader of Sunni Muslims all over the world. Egypt also has a strong Christian heritage as evidenced by the existence of the Coptic ChristianityCoptic Orthodox Church headed by the Patriarch of Alexandria, which has a following of approximately 50 million Christians worldwide (one of the famous Coptic Orthodox Churches is Saint Takla Haimanot Church in Alexandria !http://www.St-Takla.org).Thoug h? considered a low-income country, Egypt has a thriving media and arts industry, with more than 30 satellite channels and more than 100 motion pictures produced each year. To bolster its media industry, especially with the keen competition from the Persian Gulf states and Lebanon, it has built a large media city that it has promoted as the "Hollywood of the East". Egypt is the only Arab country with an opera house.Some famous Egyptians include:Gamal Abdel Nasser (former president)Boutros Boutros-Ghali (former Secretary General of the United Nations)Naguib Mahfouz (Nobel Prize-winning novelist)Umm Kulthum (singer)Omar Sharif (actor)Ahmed H. ZewailAhmed Zewail (Nobel Prize-winning chemist)Mohamed ElBaradei (Head of the International Atomic Energy Agency and Winner of the 2005 Nobel Peace Prize)Anwar Sadat (former president and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize)
See also - Communications in Egypt Coptic Christianity Egyptian mythology Egyptian pyramids History of the Jews in Egypt History of Armenians in Egypt Islam in Egypt List of Egypt-related topics List of Egyptian companies List of famous Egyptian people List of African writers (by country)#EgyptList of writers from Egypt Military of Egypt Music of Egypt Transportation in Egypt
References - CIAfb clr StateDept
External links - sisterlinksEgypt
Government - egypt.gov.eg - Official Egyptian Government Portalinvestment.gov.eg - Egyptian Investment Portal official government site sis.gov.eg - Egypt State Information Service official government sitepresidency.gov.eg - The Egyptian Presidencyparliament.gov.eg - The People Assembly of Egyptshoura.gov.eg - Egyptian Shoura Council
News - weekly.ahram.org.eg - Al-Ahram Weeklyallafrica.com - AllAfrica – ''Egypt'' newsegypttoday.com - Egypt Today magazinebusinesstodayegypt.com - Business Today Egypt magazinestory.news.yahoo.com - Yahoo! News Full Coverage – ''Egypt'' headline links
Overviews - news.bbc.co.uk - BBC News Country Profile - ''Egypt''cia.gov - CIA World Factbook – ''Egypt''lcweb2.loc.gov - Library of Congress Country Study – ''Egypt'' data as of December 1990joinafrica.com - Guide to Africa ''Egypt''
Education - See: ''List of Egyptian universities''worldwide.edu - Study Destinations in Egyptscu.eun.eg - Supreme Council of Universities
Tourism - ''See: List of museums in Egypt''wikitravel touregypt.net - Tour Egypt (Association of Egyptian Travel Businesses) egypt-travelguide.com - Egypt Hotel & Travel Guide eternalegypt.org - Journey through Eternal Egypt !ancient-egypt.blogspot.com - History of Ancient Egypt
Other - lib.utexas.edu - Egypt Maps - Perry-Castañeda Map Collectionianandwendy.com - Egypt Photo Galleries Pictures from a visit in December 2004st-takla.org - Egypt through the ages..egyptianculture.net - Egyptian MythologyKhnumhotep & Niankhkhnumen.jurispedia.org - Egyptian law from Jurispedia
Middle_East Africa Mediterranean Category:Egypt Category:Arab LeagueCategory:Near Eastern countriesCategory:Middle Eastern countriesCategory:African Union member statesCategory:Bicontinental !countriesaf:Egipteals:Ägypten am:ግብፅar:مصرan:Echipt oast:Exiptubg:Египетzh-m in-nan:Ai-ki̍pbs:Egipatca:Egi ptecs:Egyptcy:Yr? !Aifftda:Ægyptende:Ägyptenet: Egiptusel:Αίγυπτοςes:E giptoeo:Egiptiofa:مصرfr:Ég yptega:An? Éigiptgd:An Eiphitgl:Exipto - !مصرko:이집트ht:Ejiphr:Eg ipatio:Egiptiaid:Mesiria:Egypt ois:Egyptalandit:Egittohe:מצ ריםkw:Ejypla:Aegyptuslv:Ē iptelt:Egiptaslb:Egyptenli:Eg yptehu:Egyiptommg:Egyptams:Mes irna:Egyptnl:Egyptends:Ägypte nja:エジプトno:Egyptnn:Egy ptos:Мысырpl:Egiptpt:Egip toro:Egiptru:Египетsm:Ai kupitosq:Egjiptisimple:Egyptsk :Egyptsl:Egiptsr:Египатf i:Egyptisv:Egyptentl:Egyptth: ระเทศอียิ ต์tr:Mısır? !(Ülke)uk:Єгипетur:مص yi:מצריםzh:埃及
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