excavate

recover through digging

"Schliemann excavated Troy"

"excavate gold" find by digging in the ground

"I dug up an old box in the garden" form by hollowing

"Carnegie had a lake excavated for Princeton University's rowing team"

"excavate a cavity" remove the inner part or the core of

"the mining company wants to excavate the hillside"

This article is about the protist group called excavates. For the process of digging, see excavation.''The excavates are a major line of protists, including a variety of free-living and symbiotic forms. They are usually characterized by having two, four, or more flagellumflagella with distinct ultrastructure anterior to a ventral feeding groove supported by microtubules. However, various groups that lack these traits may be considered excavates based on genetic evidence. Most excavates fall into four groups, which may be treated as phyla: Of these, the Percolozoa and Euglenozoa appear to be particularly close relatives, and are united by the presence of discoid cristae within the mitochondrionmitochondria. The jakobids have tubular cristae, like most other protists, and the metamonads are unusual in having lost their mitochondria. Their relationships are still uncertain, and it is possible that they are not monophyletic groups.The excavates are often considered among the most primitive eukaryotes, and may be paraphyletic to the others. However, this placement may be an artifact caused by long branch attraction, as has been seen with some other amitochondriate groups, and in some phylogenies the excavates show up as an advanced group.

References -

Cavalier-Smith, T. Title = The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa Journal = International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology Year = 2002 Volume = 52 Pages = 297-354

Alastair G. B. Simpson Title = Cytoskeletal organization, phylogenetic affinities and systematics in the contentious taxon Excavata Journal = International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology Year = 2003 Volume = 53 Pages = 1759-1777 Category:Protista

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