film

a form of entertainment that enacts a story by sound and a sequence of images giving the illusion of continuous movement

"they went to a movie every Saturday night"

"the film was shot on location" a medium that disseminates moving pictures

"theater pieces transferred to celluloid"

"this story would be good cinema"

"film coverage of sporting events" photographic material consisting of a base of celluloid covered with a photographic emulsion

used to make negatives or transparencies a thin coating or layer

"the table was covered with a film of dust" a thin sheet of (usually plastic and usually transparent) material used to wrap or cover things make a film or photograph of something

"take a scene"

"shoot a movie" record in film

"The coronation was filmed"

Film is a term that encompasses motion pictures as individual projects, as well as the field in general. The origin of the name comes from the fact that photographic film (also called film stockfilmstock) has historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist — ''motion pictures'' (or just ''pictures''), ''the silver screen'', ''photoplays'', ''picture shows'', ''flicks'' — and most commonly ''movies''. Films are produced by recording actual people and objects with cameras, or by creating them using animation techniques and/or special effectspecial effects. They comprise a series of individual frames, but when these images are shown rapidly in succession, the illusion of motion is given to the viewer. Flickering between frames is not seen due to an effect known as persistence of vision — whereby the eye retains a visual image for a fraction of a second after the source has been removed. Perhaps of more relevance is what causes the perception of motion — a psychological effect identified as beta movement.Film is considered by many to be an important art form; films entertain, educate, enlighten and inspire audiences. The visual elements of cinema need no translation, giving the motion picture a universal power of communication. Any film can become a worldwide attraction, especially with the addition of dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue. Films are also artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them.

History of film - mainHistory of film Mechanisms for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images in motion were demonstrated as early as the 1860's, including the zoetrope and the praxinoscope. These machines were outgrowths of simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns), and would display sequences of still pictures at sufficient speed for the images on the pictures to appear to be moving. Naturally, the images needed to be carefully designed to achieve the desired effect — and the underlying principle became the basis for the development of animation.With the development of celluloid film for still photography, it became possible to directly capture objects in motion in real time using the new medium. Early versions of the technology sometimes required the viewer to look into a special device to see the pictures. By the 1880's, the development of the motion picture camera allowed the individual component images to be captured and stored on a single reel, and led quickly to the development of a movie projectormotion picture projector to shine light through the processed and printed film and magnify these "moving picture shows" onto a screen for an entire audience. These reels, so exhibited, came to be known as "motion pictures".Motion pictures were purely visual art up to the late 1920s, but these innovative silent films had gained a hold on the public imagination. When films began to tell stories, instead of just record brief events, exhibitors sometimes provided a commentator to narrate the action, but this became unnecessary with the development of printed intertitles containing the actors' dialogue and other written, descriptive material as part of the visual experience. Rather than leave the audience in silence, theater owners would hire a pianopianist or organ (music)organist or a full orchestra to play music fitting the mood of the film at any given moment. By the early 1920s, most films came with a prepared list of sheet music for this purposes, with complete film scores being composed for major productions.In 1922, new technology allowed filmmakers to attach to each film a soundtrack of speech, music and sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. These sound films were initially distinguished by calling them "talking pictures", or ''talkies''.The next major step in the development of cinema was the introduction of color. While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, color was adopted more gradually. The public was relatively indifferent to color photography as opposed to black-and-white. But as color processes improved and became as affordable as black-and-white film, more and more movies were filmed in color after the end of WWII, as the industry in America came to view color an essential to attracting audiences in its competition with television, which remained a black-and-white medium until the mid-60s. By the end of the 1960s, color had become the norm for film makers, and by the 1980s, an expectation of the younger generations by then comprising the majority of the audience for commercial films. Only in rare exceptions is black-and-white film now used; the choice is motivated by artistic reasons. Film presented today in black-and-white, like the recent release Sin City, tends to have a greater dramatic tone and can be an inspired throwback to older cinema.

Origins of motion picture arts and sciences - Film as an art form grew out of a long tradition of literature, storytelling, dramanarrative drama, art, mythology, puppetry, shadow play, cave paintings and perhaps even dreams. In addition, the technology of film, also emerged from various developments and achievements in human history.

Protean developments - About 400 BC - Mozi a ChinaChinese philosopher ponders the phenomenology (science)phenomenology of an upside down image of the outside world beaming through a small hole in the opposite wall in a darkened room.c. 350 BC - Aristotle tells of watching an image of an eclipse beamed onto the ground through a sieve.c. 1000 - Alhazen experiments with the same opticsoptical principle, and writes of the results.1490 - Leonardo DaVinci describes a structure that would produce this effect.1544 - Reinerus Gemma-Frisius, a The NetherlandsDutch scientist, illustrates large rooms built for the purpose of viewing eclipses by this means.1588 - Giovanni Battista Della Porta tips off artists to this trick.c. 1610 - Johannes Kepler refers to a construction that utilises this phenomenon as a ''camera obscura''.1671 - Athanasius Kircher projectionprojected images painted on glass plates with an oil lamp and a lens (optics)lens, his ''Magic Lantern''.1820s - Joseph Plateau: Anorthoscope; Phenakistiscope. Spindle viewers. Flip books.1824 - Thaumatrope. Peter Mark Roget presents the persistence of vision to the world in his paper ''Explanation of an optical deception in the appearance of the spokes of a wheel when seen through vertical apertures''. The article is often incorrectly cited as ''Persistence of Vision with Regard to Moving Objects'', or ''On the Persistence of Vision with Regard to Human Motion'', and given an incorrect date.1831 - Michael FaradayFaraday's Law of electromagnetismelectromagnetic induction.1834 - The Zoetrope (U.S.), a.k.a., the Daedalum (England).

Victorian cinema c.1860-1901 - 1861 - Henri DuMont patents an apparatus for "reproducing successive phases of motion", British Patent 1,457. 1861 - The Kinematoscope is invented. This is a series of Stereoscopystereoscopic pictures on glass plates, linked together in a chain, and mounted in a box. The viewer turns a crank to see moving images.1872 - Eadweard Muybridge designs the zoopraxiscope. FranceFrench astronomyastronomer Pierre Jules Cesar Janssen develops a camera with a revolving photographphotographic plate that makes exposures at regular, automatic timeintervals.1877 - Muybridge begins experimenting with "serial photography" (or !"chronophotography") ,? taking multiple exposed images of a running horse (see main Edward MuybridgeMuybridge article). 1878 - George Eastman manufactures photographic dry plates the same year Thomas Edison invents the first electricityelectric incandescent light bulb, archaically known as a magic lantern.1880 - Muybridge begins projecting his studies of figures in motion. 1881 - Lumiere BrothersLouis Lumiere develops a "dry plate" process with gelatin emulsion. 1882 - Etienne-Jules Marey, a French physiologyphysiologist, makes a series of photographs of birds in flight. Hannibal Goodwin sells an idea to George Eastman, who markets it as "American film" : a roll of paper coated with emulsion. 1886 - Louis Le Prince patented his process for "the successive production of objects in motion by means of a movie projectorprojector".1887 - Ottomar Anschütz creates the electrotachyscope, which presents the illusion of motion with transparent chronophotography. 1889 - William Friese Greene developed the first "moving pictures" on celluloid film, exposing 20 foot (unit of length)ft of film at Hyde Park, LondonHyde Park, London. George Eastman improves on his paper roll film, substituting the paper with plastic. 1890 - Friese Greene patents his process, but was unable to finance manufacturing of it, and later sold his patent. tales.ndirect.co.uk 1891 - Edison patents the KinetoscopeKinetoscopic camera invented by William Kennedy Laurie Dickson, which takes moving pictures on a strip of film (this was one of many inventions for which Edison claimed credit). A lighted box was used to view the pictures, the viewer was required to turned a handle to see the pictures "move". First called "arcade peepshows", these were to soon be known as nickelodeon movie theaternickelodeons. ''Fred OttFred Ott's Sneeze'' is the first Kinetographic film.1893 - Edison Laboratories builds a film studio, in West Orange, New Jersey, dubbed the Edison's Black MariaBlack Maria. It was built on a turntable so the window could rotate toward the sun throughout the day, supplying natural light for the productions.1894 - Louis Lumiere invents the cinematographecinematograph a single-unit camera, developer, and movie projector. Kinetoscopes, meanwhile, were popular and profitable. On January 7, W.K. Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film. In New York City in October Alexander Black debuted his "Picture Play" entitled "Miss Jerry" which featured sequential glass lantern slides projected onto a white sheet to illustrate a narrative story, predesessor to the full-length feature film. 1895 - ''L'Arrivée d'un train en gare de la CiotatThe Arrival of a Train'' premiered on a large screen December 28 at the Grand Cafe in Paris, France. Louis and his brother Auguste Lumiere also filmed ''Workers Leaving the Lumiere Factory'' that year, while in the U.S. Woodville Latham combined a Kinetoscope with a projecting device. People were avidly watching nickelodeons on Broadway in New York City.1896 - Edison loses W. K. Dickson who joins with other inventors and investors to form the American Mutoscope Company. The company manufactured the mutoscope as a rival to the Kinetoscope and, like Edison, produced films for its invention. Expanding on the idea, American Mutoscope then developed the "biograph" which was a projector allowing films to be shown in theatres to a large audience rather than in single-user nickelodeons. Edison entered the competition for developmet of a large projector he called the Vitascope. This year also debuted the work of first female film director, Alice Guy-Blaché's ''La Fée aux ChouxThe Cabbage Fairy''. Vitascope Hall in New Orleans, LouisianaNew Orleans opened in June of this year.1897 - U.S. President William McKinley's inauguration was filmed, the first U.S. newsreel. In England the Prestwich Camera is patented.1899 - With the success of the biograph, American Mutoscope changed its name to American Mutoscope and Biograph Company. In England Edward R. Turner and F. Marshall Lee create chronophotographic images through red, green and blue filters and project them together with a three-lens projector.1900 - Synchronized sound was first demonstrated at the Paris Exposition with a sound-on-disc system.

The silent era -

1901-1919 - 1902 - Georges Méliès' ''A Trip to the Moon'', (''Le Voyage dans la Lune''), premieres, the first science fiction film with extravagant special effects. The Charles Urban Trading Company was founded by Charles Urban, an American, in England. The company produced original films and distributed films made by the Lumiere brothers and Georges Méliès throughout Europe. Méliès filmed a mock coronation of Edward VII of the United KingdomEdward VII and it was presented in theaters the same night as the actual ceremony. Gaumont Film CompanyLéon Gaumont begins experimenting with the possibilities of sound on film.1903 - Edwin S. Porter produces ''The Great Train Robbery (1903 movie)The Great Train Robbery''.1906 - Eugene Lauste patents a sound-on-film process in London.1906 - ''The Story of the Kelly Gang'', about the legendary Australian bushranger, Ned Kelly, is released on the 26th December. It is widely regarded as the world's first feature length film with an approximate runtime of 70 minutes.1909 - George Albert Smith (1864-1959)George Albert Smith produced a processed two-color system using panchromatic stock in Brighton for the Charles Urban Trading Company, this was dubbed Kinemacolor. The first public presentation of Kinemacolor was in February in London, when a series of twenty short movies by the Natural Colour Kinematograph Company was shown at the Palace Theatre on Shaftesbury Avenue.1909 - the Electric Cinema on Station street, Birmingham is the oldest working Cinema in the UK and was once reputedly a haunt of George Bernard Shaw. 1910 - Wladyslaw Starewicz (Ladislas Starevich - Polish Director) - ''The Beautiful Lukanida '' - the first puppet animated film. 1912 - Universal StudiosUniversal Pictures Company is founded by Carl Laemmle in Hollywood.1914 - Charlie Chaplin charms audiences as "The Little Tramp." Vaudeville begins to suffer from this redirected audience for entertainment, but early films soon became a new venue for many stage performers.1917 - An estimated 3,000 cinemas in England. bbc.co.uk1919 - United ArtistsUnited Artists Corporation is collectively formed by Charlie Chaplin, D.W. Griffith, Douglas Fairbanks (1883-1939)Douglas Fairbanks, and Mary Pickford.

1920-1929 - The 1920s represented the era of greatest output in the US movie market. An average of 800 films were produced annually. filmsite.orgWhile developments in color and sound were still in the experimental stage a strong demand for movies and, therefore, potential for profit, encouraged productions for commercial release.The FranceFrench model of commercial movie houses became the international model, and entrepreneurs scurried to build impressive movie houses across North America and Europe including theatres to seat up to 5,000 people. Oscar Deutsch opened his first Odeon CinemasOdeon cinema in the UK in Perry Barr in 1920. By 1930 the Odeon was a household name and still thrives today across Britain with a vast array of purpose built cinemas.1927 saw the introduction of some early zoom lenses. These were operated with a primitive hand crank. Optical lenses were not to be perfected for another 20 years.With many technical obstacles overcome, film as entertainment begain to blossom as an art form in the 1920s, a decade hearalded by art deco and GermanyGerman expressionism. Rudolph Valentino and Charlie Chaplin rose to stardom in this era, which also saw the premier of the first Walt Disney animated cartoon. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences founded in 1927 with the first Academy Award"Oscar" given in 1929. The popularity of horror filmhorror movies is traced to this era with ''Nosferatu'' and ''The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari''. Abel Gance's ''Napoleon'' was one movie presented on three screens simultaneously, a hallmark of epic filmmaking and film editing that was to presage Film formatlarge format film projection system such as the three-projector Cinerama system of later decades.Sound technology, both recording and playback technology, was slow in development. The 1920s would be largely dominated by silent features, often musically accompanied by an in-house organist, pianist or orchestra. Theatres would be the single largest source of employment for musicians. By the latter half of the decade, new innovations in audio, synchronized sound in the form of Vitaphone, allowed theatrical release of ''The Jazz Singer'' (1927), featuring Al Jolson. 1928 saw Disney's ''Steamboat Willie'', the first film with entirely post-produced dialogue, sound effects and score. The first all-out Hollywood Musical filmmusical, ''The Broadway Melody'', came to theatres in 1929. The demand for musicians would dry up at the onset the depression.1922 - The Motion Picture Producers and Distributers of America is created by Will H. Hays to serve as Hollywood's public relations firm. Hays would go on to dictate the Hays Codemotion picture production code which attempted to define objectionable content for US audiences. Other countries would institute their own "code" systems.1924 - Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer is founded by Samuel Goldwyn and Louis B. Mayer.

The Sound Era & The Golden Age of Hollywood - "The Golden Age of Hollywood" in cinema history roughly refers to the period beginning with the advent of sound (this was, of course, prior to The Great Depression) until after the end of WWII. This was the heyday of the movie studioHollywood studio system with tremendous output from Universal, MGM, Columbia, UA, RKO, Paramount Studios, Twentieth Century Fox, and Warner Brothers. List of movie genresGenre films became popular in the 1930s: westerns, comedies, Musical filmmusicals, dramas and animated cartooncartoons. ''Dracula'' and ''Frankenstein'' incarnated into their silver screen depictions in 1931. ''King Kong (1933 film)King Kong'' premiered in 1933. Howard Hughes movie producerproduces ''Hell's Angels (film)Hell's Angels'' in 1930. Disney released several short animations in the beginning of the decade, including the first Technicolor production in 1932. The Golden Age included some of the most celebrated American movies ever made. Such films as ''King Kong (1933 film)King Kong'', ''Gone with the Wind (film)Gone with the Wind'', ''The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)The Wizard of Oz'', ''Casablanca (film)Casablanca'', and ''Citizen Kane'', are examples of the accomplishments in cinematic technique in this era. Walt Disney also began producing his first feature filmfeature-length films in this period, including ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs'' (1938), ''Bambi (1942 film)Bambi'', (1942), and ''Pinocchio (1940 film)Pinocchio'' & ''Fantasia (film)Fantasia'' both from 1940. Fantasia is notable for Fantasound, a project that incubated significant developments in film sound recording and playback techniques adopted and expanded upon by the SMPTESociety of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, particularly, ''SMPTE time codeSMPTE'' -- pronounced ''SIMP-tee''.The "Golden Age" effectively came to a close in 1948, when in a United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.landmark legal decision the Supreme Court of the United States found several major studios guilty of violating the Sherman Antitrust Act, through their monopolizing control of the production, distribution, and exhibition of their movies.French film critics began to notice a certain stylistic approach to certain genres in American film, Gangster movies and crime dramas in particular, and began to refer to this type of movie as "Film noir". Robert Siodmak's ''The Killers (1946 film)The Killers'' (based on the Ernest Hemingway short story) is a prime example. ''Suspicion'', (1941), and ''Saboteur'', (1942) were Alfred Hitchcock's contributions to the style. Orson Welles's ''Citizen Kane'' (1941), one of the Films that have been considered the greatest evermost critically acclaimed movies of all time, helped to establish film noir and became one of its icons. Other examples include ''Laura (1944 film)Laura'', ''Murder My Sweet'', and Billy Wilder's ''Double Indemnity'' (all 1944).

The 1940s: the war and post-war years - The onset of US involvement in WWII brought a proliferation of movies as both patriotism and propaganda. American propaganda movies included ''Desperate Journey'', ''Mrs Miniver'', ''Forever and a Day'' and ''Objective Burma''. Notable American films from the war years include the anti-Nazi ''Watch on the Rhine'' (1943), scripted by Dashiell Hammett; ''Shadow of a Doubt'' (1943), Hitchcock's direction of a script by Thornton Wilder; the George M. Cohan biopic, ''Yankee Doodle Dandy'' (1942), starring James Cagney, and the immensely popular ''Casablanca (movie)Casablanca'', with Humphrey Bogart. Bogart would star in 36 films between 1934 and 1942 including John Huston's ''The Maltese Falcon'', (1941). The need for wartime propaganda also saw a renaissance in the film industry in Britain, with realistic war dramas like ''Forty-Ninth Parallel'' (1941), ''Went the Day Well?'' (1942), ''The Way Ahead'' (1944) and Noel Coward and David Lean's celebrated naval film ''In Which We Serve'' in 1942, which won a special Academy Award. These existed alongside more flamboyant films like Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger's ''The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp'' (1943), ''A Canterbury Tale'' (1944) and ''A Matter of Life and Death'' (1946), as well as Laurence Olivier's 1944 ''Henry V (1944 film)Henry V'', a film adaptation of the Shakespearean historiesShakespearean history.The strictures of wartime also brought an interest in more fantastical subjects. These included Britain's Gainsborough melodramas (including ''The Man in Grey'' and ''The Wicked Lady''), and films like ''Here Comes Mr Jordan'', ''Heaven Can Wait'', ''I Married a Witch'' and ''Blithe Spirit''. Val Lewton also produced a series of atmospheric and influential low budget horror films, some of the more famous examples being ''Cat People'', ''Isle of the Dead'' and ''The Body Snatcher''. The decade probably also saw the so-called "women's pictures", such as ''Now, Voyager'', ''Random Harvest'' and ''Mildred Pierce'' at the peak of their popularity. 1946 saw RKO Radio releasing ''It's a Wonderful Life'' directed by Frank Capra. Soldiers returning from the war would provide the inspiration for films like ''The Best Years of Our Lives'', and many of those in the film industry had served in some capacity during the war. Samuel Fuller's experiences in WWII would influence his largely autobiographical films of later decades such as ''The Big Red One''. The Actor's Studio was founded in October 1947 by Elia Kazan, Robert Lewis, and Cheryl Crawford, and the same year Oskar Fischinger filmed ''Motion Painting No. 1''.In 1943, ''Ossessione'' was screened in Italy, marking the beginning of the Italian neorealist movement. Major films to come out of the movement in the forties included ''Bicycle Thieves'', ''Rome: Open City'', and ''La Terra Trema''. In 1952 ''Umberto D'' was released, usually considered the last film of the movement.In the late forties, in Britain, Ealing Studios embarked on their series of celebrated comedies, including ''Whisky Galore'', ''Passport to Pimlico'', ''Kind Hearts and Coronets'' and ''The Man in the White Suit'', and Carol Reed directed his influential thrillers ''Odd Man Out'', ''The Fallen Idol'' and ''The Third Man''. David Lean was also rapidly becoming a force in world cinema with ''Brief Encounter'' and his Charles DickensDickens adaptations ''Great Expectations'' and ''Oliver Twist (1948 film)Oliver Twist'', and Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger would reach the peak of their creative partnership with films like ''Black Narcissus'' and ''The Red Shoes''.

The 1950s - The House Committee on Un-American Activities investigated Hollywood in the early 1950's. Protested by the Hollywood Ten before the committee, the hearings resulted in the blacklisting of many actors, writers and directors, including Chayefsky, Charlie Chaplin, and Dalton Trumbo, and many of these fled to Europe, especially Britain. The cold warcold war era zeitgeist translated into a paranoia manifested in themes such as UFOinvading armies of evil aliens, (''Invasion of the Body Snatchers''); and communismcommunist fifth columnfifth columnists, (''The Manchurian Candidate''). In the post-war years Hollywood also faced another threat. Living rooms were beginning to be invaded by television, and the increasing popularity of the medium meant that some movie theatres would go bankrupt and close. The demise of the "studio system" spurred the commentaryself-commentary of films like ''Sunset Boulevard (film)Sunset Boulevard'' (1950) and ''The Bad and the Beautiful'' (1952). Distressed by the increasing number of closed theatres, studios and companies would find new and innovative ways to bring audiences back. These included attempts to literally widen their appeal with new screen formats. CinemaScope, which would remain a 20th Century Fox distinction until 1967, was announced with 1953's ''The Robe''. VistaVision, Cinerama, boasted a Attack of the 50 Foot Woman"bigger is better" approach to marketing movies to a The Incredible Shrinking Manshrinking US audience. This lead to the re-emergence of the epic film to take advantage of the new big screen formats. Some of the most successful examples of these Biblical and historical spectaculars include ''The Ten Commandments (1956 film)The Ten Commandments'' (1956), ''The Vikings'' (1958), ''Ben-Hur (1959 film)Ben-Hur'' (1959), ''Spartacus (film)Spartacus'' (1960) and ''El Cid (film)El Cid'' (1961).Gimmicks also proliferated to lure in audiences. The magic of 3-D film would last for only two years, 1952-1954, and helped sell ''The Creature From The Black Lagoon''. Producer William Castle would tout films featuring "Emergo" "Percepto", the first of a long line of gimmicks that would remain popular marketing tools for Castle and others throughout the 1960s.Brown v. Board of Education (1954) set the stage for ''The Blackboard Jungle'' (1955), and some notable early TV productions like Paddy Chayefsky's ''Marty'' and Reginald Rose's ''Twelve Angry Men'' would be turned into critically acclaimed films. Disney's ''Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)Sleeping Beauty'' was released on January 29, 1959 by The Walt Disney CompanyBuena Vista Distribution after nearly a decade in production.

The 1960s - The 1960s saw the increasing decline of the studio system in Hollywood. Many films were now being made on location in other countries, or using studio facilities abroad, such as Pinewood in England and Cinecittà in Rome. Hollywood movies were still largely aimed at big family audiences, and it was often the more old-fashioned films that produced the studios' biggest successes. Productions like ''Mary Poppins'' (1964), ''My Fair Lady'' (1964) and ''The Sound of Music'' (1965) were among the biggest money-makers of the decade, but American films were losing the creative impetus to United KingdomBritish and European film makers. The growth in independent producers and production companies, and the increase in the power of individual actors also contributed to the decline in traditional Hollywood studio production. There was also an increasing awareness of foreign language cinema in this period. The late 1950s and 1960s saw the emergence of the French New Wave with films like ''The 400 BlowsLes quatre cents coups'' and ''Jules et Jim'' from directors such as François Truffaut and Jean-Luc Godard. ItalyItalian films like Federico Fellini's ''La Dolce Vita'', and the stark dramas of Sweden's Ingmar Bergman were also making an impact outside their home countries.In Britain the "Free Cinema" of Lindsay Anderson, Tony Richardson and others lead to a group of realistic and ground-breaking dramas including ''Saturday Night and Sunday Morning'', ''A Kind of Loving'' and ''This Sporting Life''. Other British films such as ''Repulsion'', ''Darling'', ''Alfie'', ''Blow-up'' and ''Georgy Girl'' (all in 1965-1966) helped to break taboos around sex and nudity on screen, while the casual sex and violence of the James Bond films, beginning with ''Dr. No'' in 1962 would turn the series into a worldwide phenomenon.Africans had been denied the right to make movies for decades. In the sixties, however Ousmane Sembène produced several French- and Wolof languageWolof-language films became the 'father' of African Cinema.In Latin America the dominance of the Hollywood model was challenged by many film makers. Fernando Solanas and Octavio Gettino called for a politically engaged Third Cinema in contrast to Hollywood and the european auteur cinema.In documentary film the sixties saw the blossoming of Direct Cinema, an observational style of film making as well as the advent of more overtly partisan films like ''The year of the pig'' about the Vietnam War by Emile de Antonio.By the late 1960s however, Hollywood was beginning to claw back some of the creative impetus with films like ''Bonnie and Clyde'' (1967), ''The Graduate'' (1967), ''Midnight Cowboy'' (1969), and ''The Wild Bunch'' (1969). ''Bonnie and Clyde'' is often seen as the beginning of the New Hollywood.

The 1970s - The 1970s saw the emergence of a new generation of film school-trained American film makers, like Francis Ford Coppola, Steven Spielberg and Brian de Palma. This coincided with the increasing popularity of the auteur theory in film literature and the media, a development which gave these directors far greater control over their projects than would have been possible in earlier eras. This lead to some enormous critical and commercial successes, like Coppola's ''The Godfather'' films, Spielberg's ''Jaws (film)Jaws'' and ''Close Encounters of the Third Kind'' and George Lucas's ''Star Wars Episode IV: A New HopeStar Wars''. It also, however, lead to some inevitable failures, including Peter Bogdanovich's ''At Long Last Love'' and Michael Cimino's ''Heaven's Gate (film)Heaven's Gate''. The latter almost single-handledly brought down its backer United Artists following its release in 1980. The phenomenal success of ''Jaws (film)Jaws'' and ''Star Wars Episode IV: A New HopeStar Wars'' in particular, lead to the rise of the modern blockbuster, with the Hollywood studios increasingly intent on producing a smaller number of very high budget films with massive marketing and promotional backing. This development has continued to the present day. The mid-1970s had also seen a big increase in adult cinemas and the legal production of hardcore pornographyhardcore pornographic films in the U.S. ''Deep Throat (film)Deep Throat'' and it's star Linda Lovelace became something of a phenomenon and lead to a spate of similar sex films throughout the decade. These would finally die out with the introduction of VCR technology in the 1980s.The early '70s also alerted English language audiences to the new West German cinema, with Werner Herzog, Rainer Werner Fassbinder and Wim Wenders among its leading exponents. The end of the decade saw the first major international interest in Australian cinema. Peter Weir's films ''Picnic at Hanging Rock'' and ''The Last Wave'' and Fred Schepisi's ''The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith'' gained critical acclaim, while George Miller's violent futuristic actioner ''Mad Max'' was a substantial hit in 1979 and marked the beginning of Australian attempts to target the international market.

The '80s: sequels, blockbusters and videotape - The shift that occurred in the 1980s from seeing movies in a theater to watching videos on a VCR, is a move close to the original concepts of Thomas Edison. In the early part of that decade, the movie studios tried legal action to ban home ownership of VCRs as a violation of copyright, which proved unsuccessful. That proved most fortunate, however, as the sale and rental of their movies on home video became a significant source of revenue for the movie companies. THXTHX Ltd, a division of Lucasfilm launched in 1982, included thx.com Martin Scorsese's ''Raging Bull'' (1980); ''After Hours (film)After Hours'' (1985); ''The King of Comedy (1983 film)The King of Comedy'' (1983).

The Digital Age - After the decade of the 1970s helped define the blockbuster motion picture, the way Hollywood released its films changed. Now films, for the most part, would premiere in an even wider number of theatres, although, to this day, some movies still premiere using the route of the Roadshow theatrical releaselimited/roadshow release system. Until this new "Digital Age", the primary way for audiences to see their favorite films again and again was to re-release films, but the medium of home video would change all of this.Among the terms most associated with this new era include:

George Lucas: ''Star Wars''

Industrial Light and Magic

Steven Spielberg: ''Jaws (film)Jaws''

The '90s: technical advances - The history of film and video distributed online began in the year 1994 with the first public showing of Quentin Tarantino's ''Pulp Fiction''. In the 1990s, cinema began the process of making another transition, from physical film stock to digital cinema technology. Meanwhile, in the home video realm, the DVD would become the new standard for watching movies after their standard theatrical releases.

Film theory - mainFilm theory Film theory seeks to develop concise, systematic concepts that apply to the study of film/cinema as art. Classical film theory provides a structural framework to address classical issues of techniques, narrativity, diegesis, cinematic codes, "the image", genre, subjectivity, and authorship. More recent analysis has given rise to Psychoanalytical film theory, Structuralist film theory, Feminist film theory, and theories of documentary, New media, Third Cinemathird cinema, and New Queer Cinema, to name just a few.

History - The Italian futurismfuturist Ricciotto Canudo (1879-1923) is considered to be the very first theoretician of cinema. He published his manifesto ''The Birth of the Seventh Art'' in 1911. Another early attempt was ''The Photoplay'' (1916) by the psychologist Hugo Münsterberg.Classical film theory took shape during the era of silent film. It emerged from the works of directors like Germaine Dulac, Louis Delluc, Jean Epstein, Sergei Eisenstein, Lev Kuleshov, Dziga Vertov, Paul Rotha and film critics like Rudolf Arnheim, Béla Balázs and Siegfried Kracauer. It was not an academic discipline.In the 1960s, film theory took up residence in academe, importing concepts from established disciplines like psychoanalysis, literary studies and linguistics.In the seventies, the British journal ''Screen'' was very influential.

Specific theories, styles and movements in film -

Apparatus Theory

Art film

Auteur theory

Feminist film theory

Formalist film theory

Cinematic_genreGenre film theory

Film noir

German Expressionism

Surrealist Film

French Impressionist Cinema

Horror film

Italian Neorealism

Marxist film theory

French New Wave

Psychoanalytical film theory

Structuralist film theory

No Wave Cinema

Remodernist Film

Film criticism - mainFilm criticism Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation of films. In general this can be divided into academic criticism by film scholars and journalistic film criticism that appears regularly in newspapers and other media.Film critics working for newspapers, magazines, and broadcast media mainly review new releases. Normally they only see any given film once and have only a day or two to formulate opinions. Despite this, critics have an important impact of films, especially those of certain film genregenres. Mass marketed action filmaction, horror filmhorror, and comedy filmcomedy films tend not to be greatly affected by a critic's overall judgement of a film. The plot summary and description of a film that makes up the majority of any film review can still have an important impact on whether people decide to see a film. For prestige films such as most drama filmdramas, the influence of reviews is extremely important. Poor reviews will often deign a film to obscurity and financial loss.The impact of reviewer on a film's box office performance is a matter of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so intense and well financed that reviewers cannot make an impact against it. However, the cataclysmic failure of some heavily-promoted movies that were harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected success of critically praised independent movies indicates that extreme critical reactions can have considerable influence. Others note that positive film reviews have been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there have been several films in which film companies have so little confidence that they refuse to give reviewers an advanced viewing to avoid widespread panning of the film. However, this usually backfires as reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn the public that the film may not be worth seeing and the films often do poorly as a result.Some claim that journalist film critics should only be known as film reviewers, and true film critics are those who take a more academic approach to films. This work is more often known as film theory or film studies. These film critics try to come to understand why film works, how it works, and what effects it has on people. Rather than write for newspaper or appear on television their articles are published in scholarly journals, or sometimes in up-market magazines. They also tend to be affiliated with universities.

The motion picture industry - The making and showing of motion pictures became a source of profit almost as soon the process was invented. Upon seeing how successful their new invention, and its product, was in their native France, the Lumieres quickly set about touring the Continent to exhibit the first films privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. In each country, they would normally add new, local scenes to their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various countries of Europe to buy their equipment and photograph, export, import and screen additional product commercially. The Oberammergau Passion play of 1898 was the first commercial motion picture ever produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion pictures became a separate industry that overshadowed the vaudeville world. Dedicated movie theatertheaters and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion picture actors became major celebritycelebrities and commanded huge fees for their performances. Already by 1917, Charlie Chaplin had a contract that called for an annual salary of one million dollars.In the United States today, much of the film industry is centered around Hollywood, CaliforniaHollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts of the world, and the Cinema of IndiaIndian film industry (primarily centered around "Bollywood") annually produces the largest number of films in the world. (Whether the ten thousand plus features a year produced by the San Fernando ValleyValley pornographyporn industry should qualify for this title is the source of some debate.) Though the expense involved in making movies has led cinema production to concentrate under the auspices of movie studios, recent advances in affordable film making equipment have allowed independent film productions to flourish.Profit is a key force in the industry, due to the costly nature of filmmaking; yet many filmmakers strive to create works of lasting social significance. The Academy Awards (also known as The Oscars) are the most prominent film awards in the United States, providing recognition each year to films, ostensibly based on their artistic merits. Also, film quickly came to be used in education, in lieu of or in addition to lectures and texts.

Stages of filmmaking - mainFilmmaking The nature of the film determines the size and type of crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films need computer generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens of 3D modelling3D modellers, animationanimators, rotoscopers and compositors. However, a low-budget, independent film may be made with a skeleton crew, often paid very little. Filmmaking takes place all over the world using different technologies, styles of acting and genre, and is produced in a variety of economic contexts that range from state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making within the American studio system.A typical Hollywood-style filmmaking production cycle comprises five main stages: # Development# Preproduction# Production# Post-production# DistributionThis production cycle typically takes three years. The first year is taken up with ''development''. The second year comprises ''preproduction'' and ''production''. The third year, ''post-production'' and ''distribution''.

Development - This is the stage where an idea is fleshed out into a viable script. The producer of the movie will find a story, which may be from books, other films, true stories, original ideas, etc. Once the theme, or underlying message, has been identified, a synopsis will be prepared.This is followed by a ''step outline'', which breaks the story down into one-paragraph scenes, concentrating on the dramatic structure. A ''treatment'' is produced, a 25- to 30-page description of the story, its mood, and characters, with little dialog and stage direction, often containing drawings to help visualize the key points.A distributor will be contacted to assess the likely market for the particular Film genregenre of the movie.The screenplay is then written over a period of perhaps six months, and may be rewritten several times to improve the dramatization, clarity, structure, characters, dialog, and overall style.The movie ''Pitch (film)pitch'' is then prepared and film directordirectors are approached to see if the movie can be continued. If the pitch is successful, then financial backing will be required from a major film studiostudio, film council or independent investors. The deal is negotiated, and contracts signed.

Preproduction - In preproduction, the movie is designed and planned. The production company is created and a production office established. The ''production'' will be storyboardstoryboarded and budgets allocated. The shooting schedule will also be drawn up at this stage.The production sets, costumes, makeup, music, and sound will all be designed, and the crew will be recruited for the following roles:

The film directordirector is responsible for the overall look and feel of the movie. A director is usually the primary creative force behind a motion picture.

The casting director hires actors for the necessary roles. Sometimes this requires an audition on the part of the actor, but many parts, especially lead roles, are handed out based on an actor's reputation and "star power."

The location manager manages detail surrounding filming on location. The majority of a modern motion picture is shot in a studio, but occasionally outdoor sequences will call for filming outside the studio, location shootingon location.

The production manager manages the production budget and schedule. He or she also reports on behalf of the production office to the financiers.

The cinematographerdirector of photography (DOP) designs and coordinates the picture and lighting. He or she cooperates with the director, first assistant director (1AD), director of audiography (DOA) and assistant director (AD). He or she may also be listed in the credits as ''cinematographer''. There is no real difference between the titles.

The production designer designs the look and feel of the setting and costumes.

The storyboard artist/graphic designer helps the director and production designer communicate their ideas by creating artwork for the production.

The director of audiography (DOA) designs and coordinates the sound and music. He or she cooperates with the director, 1AD, DOP, and AD. This role is common in Bollywood films but usually overlooked in Hollywood films, where dialog is often replaced in post-production.

The sound designer creates new sounds with the help of foley artists.

The music composer creates new music.

The choreographer creates and coordinates the movement and dance, typically for musicals, although some films credit a fight choreographer.

Production - "Production" is the actual creation of a film. More crew will be recruited at this stage, such as the property master, script supervisor/continuity, assistant directors, stills photographer, film editorpicture editor, and sound editor. Actual shooting is also referred to as Principal photographyprincipal photography.A typical day's shooting begins with a schedule being distributed by the director. The settings will be constructed and the props and camera set up appropriately. The lighting is rigged and the actors put on their costumes and make-up.The film scriptscript and blocking is rehearsed. This is vital for the picture and sound crews. The action is then shot with as many "takes" as necessary.Each take of a shot is marked by a "clapperboard," which helps the editor keep track of the takes in post-production. The clapperboard records the scene, take, director, producer, date and name of the film written on the front, displayed for the camera. The clapperboard also serves the necessary function of providing a marker to sync up the film and the sound take. Sound is recorded on a separate apparatus from the film and they must be synched up in post-production.The director will then check to see if the shot was "good" or "not good". The continuity, sound, and camera teams mark every take as either ''G'' or ''NG'' on their own report sheet. Each report sheet records special facts about every take.When shooting is finished for the scene, the director declares a "wrap." The crew will "strike," or dismantle, the set for that scene. The director approves the next day's shooting schedule and a daily progress report is sent to the production office. This includes the report sheets for continuity, sound and camera teams. Call sheets are distributed to the cast and crew to tell them when and where to turn up the next day.For productions using traditional film, the day's takes, known as Daily rushesrushes are sent to the laboratory for processing overnight. Once processed, they become known as ''dailies'' and are viewed in the evening by the director and selected cast and crew. For productions using digital technologies, shots are downloaded and organized on a computer for display as dailies.When the entire film is finished, or "in the can," the production office holds the ''wrap party'' for all cast and crew.

Post-production - Here the movie is assembled. During this stage, the movie is Film editingedited and the visual effects composited. The voice recordings are synchronized and the final sound mix is created. The sound mix combines Sound effectsound effects, background sounds, Foley artistfoleys, Dubbing (filmmaking)ADR, dialog, walla, and music.The titles are added and the movie is ''locked,'' resulting in the ''final cut''. The ''edit decision list'' (EDL) is generated and the master negative (film) or edit from the master tapes (video) created. An ''answer print'' of the movie (containing sound) is produced from the master and duplicated to create a theatrical ''release print''.The movie will be previewed with the target audience and their reactions gauged. Any changes to the movie may then be made following audience feedback.

Distribution - This is the final stage, where the movie is released to theaters or, occasionally, to DVD or VHS. The movie is duplicated as required for theatrical distribution. Press kits, posters, and other advertising materials are published and the movie is advertised.The movie will usually be launched with a ''launch party'', press releases, interviews with the press, showings of the film at a ''press preview'', and film festivals. It is also common to create a websiteWeb site to accompany the movie.The movie will play at selected theaters and the DVD is typically released a few months later. The distribution rights for the movie and DVD are also usually sold for worldwide distribution. Any profits are divided between the distributor and the production company.

Film crew - mainFilm crew A film crew is a group of people hired by a film company for the purpose of producing a film or motion picture. ''Crew'' are distinguished from ''cast'', the actors who appear in front of the camera or provide voices for characters in the film.

Production Team - These are the senior personnel responsible for the creation of a film:;Film producer: A person or persons responsible for accepting or creating, securing or providing financing for, and controlling from a business perspective the project to be filmed, on behalf of the film production company. Films may have many "producer"-like credits, which suggest a priority from "Executive Producer" to "Producer" to "Co-Producer" to "Associate Producer" to "Line Producer"; in Europe, there is also a credit which translates as "Production Director" and appears to be similar to a Line Producer. However, in some cases, one or more of these may be "honorary" titles accorded film financiers, and the exact tasks of each type of "producer" can vary widely across films, companies, countries and periods in the history of Film. In general, however, as the producer is financing the project, he/she will have some say in the creative process including, if he/she originates the project, as in the days of the studio system, selecting major actors, the film director and other major artistic staff.In the USA, in recent decades, producers have organized under the Producers Guild of America. ;Line producer: A type of Film Producer with on-set, day-to-day responsibility for the making of the film, in terms of keeping the production on schedule and within budget, and making executive decisions during artistic conflicts or in unexpected circumstances.;Production manager : Responsible for tracking expenses versus budget and making sure production stays on schedule. May assist the Line Producer or serve that role in the absence of a separate Line Producer.;Writer: The person(s) responsible for the script - plot development, character development, dialogue and general scenic descriptions - which constitutes the core of the production.;Film director : Responsible for translating the script into a dramatic performance, working directly with the actors to develop characters and actions, and collaborating with the other major behind-camera artists in their contributions to the film, and making final artistic decisions in the face of disputes or options. In the USA, directors currently belong to a guild, the D.G.A. Directors Guild of America ( http://www.dga.org/ ).;Assistant director: Assists and collaborates with the director in the performance of his/her duties, may physically direct secondary scenes, extras shots, and substitute for the director in his/her absence on the primary shooting. Guild in the USA: D.G.A. Directors Guild of America ( http://www.dga.org/ ), the same as of the Film Directors.;Unit manager : The "production manager" for special or secondary "unit" shooting.; Script supervisor/continuity person (formerly ''script girl'') : Keeps track of what parts of the script have been filmed and makes notes of any deviations between what was actually filmed and what appeared in the script. Ensures that consistency is maintained from shot to shot.

Primary Production Artists - These are some of the persons, in addition to the director, who are primarily responsible for the execution of the production:;Production designer : Person responsible for creating the physical, visual appearance of the film - settings, costumes, properties, character makeup, all taken as a unit. The term was created in 1939 in respect for the amount and level of design work single-handedly accomplished by William Cameron Menzies on the film ''Gone with the Wind (film)Gone with the Wind. Previously, and often subsequently, the person(s) with the same responsibility had been called Art directors.;Art director : See Production Designer. In the presence of a Production Designer credit, the AD more directly oversees artists and craftspeople who carry out the production design.;Set designer: The architect who actually realizes structures or interior spaces called for by the production design.;Location manager: The person(s) responsible for locating existing natural or manmade segments of the environment to be used in the production, in lieu of especially constructed settings, according to the production design; and arranging for their usage with their owners.;Set decorator: The person(s) responsible for building or acquiring, and placing, set furnishings called for in the production design.

Camera and lighting - ; Cinematographer or director of photography : A cinematographer (from 'cinema photographer') is one photographyphotographing with a motion picture camera. The title is generally equivalent to director of photography (DP or DoP), used to designate a chief over the camera and lighting crews working on a film, responsible for achieving artistic and techical decisions related to the image. The cinematographer is sometimes also the camera operator. The term cinematographer has been a point of contention for some time now; some professionals insist that it only applies when the director of photography and camera operator are the same person, although this is far from being uniformly the case. To most, cinematographer and director of photography are interchangeable terms.:The English system of camera department hierarchy sometimes firmly separates the duties of the director of photography from that of the camera operator to the point that the DP often has no say whatsoever over more purely operating-based visual elements such as framing. In this case, the DP is often credited as a lighting cameraman. This system means that the director will consult together with both the lighting cameraman for lighting and filtration, and the operator for framing and lens choices.:The American system tends to be the more widely-adopted, in which the rest of the camera department is totally subordinate to the DP, who with the director is the final word on all decisions related to both lighting and framing.:Guilds: A.S.C. American Society of Cinematographers, B.S.C. British Society of Cinematographers; Camera operator : Works under Cinematographer to set up and choreograph shot (film)shots. Physically operates the movie_cameracamera during shots.; Focus puller (First assistant camera) : Responsible for keeping camera in focus during a take. Assists camera operator. ; Clapper loader (Second assistant camera), formerly clap boy : Operates clapboard at beginning of each take and loads film stock into film magazines. Assists first assistant camera.; Gaffer : Chief electrician; Best boy : Assistant to gaffer; Key grip : Supervisor of the grip (job)grips. Grips are responsible for jobs such as setting up equipment and moving props. ; Light technician : Sets up and controls lighting equipment

Production sound - ; Production sound mixer : Head of sound department on the set. Responsible for recording all sound on a set. ; Boom operator : Assistant to production sound mixer. Responsible for microphone placement and movement during a take.; Recording mixer :

Postproduction picture - ;Film editor : Assembles the separate takes into a coherent motion picture. Typically, the editor follows the screenplay as the guide for establishing the structure of the story and then uses his/her talents to assemble the various shots and takes for greater, clearer artistic effect. An important guild in the United States is the American Cinema Editors (A.C.E.). ; Chyron operator : Creates titles and/or text graphics. (''Chryon'' is a brand name for a character generator.); Color timer : Works in film lab to adjust the film color balance.

Postproduction sound -

In the traditional Hollywood system - ; Dialogue editor : Responsible for balancing, assembling and editing all the dialog in the soundtrack.; Sound effects editor : Responsible for balancing, assembling and editing all the sound effects in the soundtrack.

Northern California system - ; Sound designer : Responsible for all aspects of a film's audio track. (See Walter Murch, Skywalker Sound.)

Common to both systems - ; Music supervisor : Works with composer, mixers and editors to create and integrate the film's music. Also known as musical director.; Music editor : ; Foley artist : Creates and records sound effects.; Re-recording mixer : Mixes together all the final sound elements, including dialog, music and sound effects.

Independent filmmaking - mainIndependent film Filmmaking also takes place outside of the Hollywood studio system, and is commonly called independent filmmaking. An independent film (or indie film) is a film initially produced without financing or distribution from a list of Hollywood movie studiosmajor movie studio. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth of the indie film scene in the late 20th century20th and early 21st century. Creatively, it was becoming increasingly difficult to get studio backing for experimental films. Experimental elements in theme and style are inhibitors for the big studios.On the business side, the costs of big-budget studio films also leads to conservative choices in cast and crew. The problem is exacerbated by the trend towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the films put out by Warner Bros. in 2000 were joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987). An unproven director is almost never given the opportunity to get his or her big break with the studios unless he or she has significant industry experience in film or television. Films with unknowns, particularly in lead roles, are also rarely produced.Until the advent of digital filmdigital alternatives, the cost of professional film equipment and stock was also a hurdle to being able to produce, direct, or star in a traditional studio film. The cost of 35mm film is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative costs were up 23%, according to ''Variety (magazine)Variety''. Film requires expensive lighting and post-production facilities.But the advent of consumer camcorders in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution digital video in the early 1990s, have lowered the technology barrier to movie production significantly. Both production and post-production costs have been significantly lowered; today, the hardware and software for post-production can be installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, FireWireIEEE 1394 connections and non-linear editing system pro-level software like Adobe Premiere Pro and Final Cut Pro, and consumer level software such as Final Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive.Since the introduction of DV technology, the means of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit a movie, create and edit the sound and music, and mix the final cut on a home computer. However, while the means of production may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to get their films noticed and sold for distribution.

Animation - mainAnimation Animation is the technique in which each frame of a film is produced individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making small changes to a model unit (see claymation and stop motion), and then photographing the result with a special animation camera. When the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed at a speed of 16 or more frames per second, there is an illusion of continuous movement (due to the persistence of vision). Generating such a film is very labour intensive and tedious, though the development of computer animation has greatly sped up the process.Graphics file formats like GIF, MNG, SVG and Macromedia FlashFlash allow animation to be viewed on a computer or over the Internet.Because animation is very time-consuming and often very expensive to produce, the majority of animation for TelevisionTV and movies comes from professional animation studios. However, the field of independent animation has existed at least since the 1950s, with animation being produced by independent studios (and sometimes by a single person). Several independent animation producers have gone on to enter the professional animation industry.Limited animation is a way of increasing production and decreasing costs of animation by using "short cuts" in the animation process. This method was pioneered by United Productions of AmericaUPA and popularized (some say exploited) by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.

Film venues - When it is initially produced, a film is normally shown to audiences in a movie theater. The first theater designed exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905. Thousands of such theaters were built or converted from existing facilities within a few years. In the United States, these theaters came to be known as Nickelodeon movie theaternickelodeons, because admission typically cost a nickel (five cents).Typically, one film is the featured presentation (or feature film). There were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" rented by an independent theater for a lump sum, and a "B picture" of lower quality rented for a percentage of the gross receipts. Today, the bulk of the material shown before the feature film (those in theaters) consists of previews for upcoming movies and paid advertisements (also known as trailer (movie)trailers or "The Twenty").Originally, all films were made to be shown in movie theaters. The development of television has allowed films to be broadcast to larger audiences, usually after the film is no longer being shown in theaters. Recording technology has also enabled consumers to rent or buy copies of films on video tape or DVD (and the older formats of laserdisc, Video CDVCD and SelectaVision—see also videodisc), and Internet downloads may be available and have started to become revenue sources for the film companies. Some films are now made specifically for these other venues, being released as television moviemade-for-TV movies or direct-to-video movies. These are often considered to be of inferior quality compared to theatrical releases. And indeed, some films that are rejected by their own studios upon completion are dumped into these markets.The movie theater pays an average of about 55% of its ticket sales to the movie studio, as film rental fees. The actual percentage starts with a number higher than that, and decreases as the duration of a film's showing continues, as an incentive to theaters to keep movies in the theater longer. However, today's barrage of highly marketed movies ensures that most movies are shown in first-run theaters for less than 8 weeks. There are a few movies every year that defy this rule, often limited-release movies that start in only a few theaters and actually grow their theater count through good word-of-mouth and reviews. According to a 2000 study by ABN AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from box office ticket sales; 46% came from VHS and DVD sales to consumers; and 28% came from television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).

Development of film technology - film stockFilmstock consists of a transparent celluloid, polyester, or other plastic base coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the first type of film base used to record motion pictures, but due to its flammability was eventually replaced by safer materials. Stock widths and the film format for images on the reel have had a rich history, though most large commercial films are still shot on (and distributed to theaters) as 35 mm film35 mm prints.Originally moving picture film was shot at various speeds using hand-cranked movie cameracameras; then the speed for mechanized cameras and projectors was standardized at 16 frames per second, which was faster than much existing hand-cranked footage. A new standard speed, 24 frames per second, came with the introduction of sound. Improvements since the late 1800s include the mechanization of cameras, allowing them to record at a consistent speed, the invention of more sophisticated film stockfilmstocks and Lens (optics)lenses, allowing Film directordirectors to film in increasingly dim conditions, and the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly the same speed as its corresponding action. The soundtrack can be recorded separately from shooting the film, but for live-action pictures many parts of the soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously.As a medium, film is not limited to motion pictures, since the technology developed as the basis for photography. It can be used to present a progressive sequence of still images in the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into multimedia presentations, and often has importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in terms of preservation and storage, and the motion picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base have been copied onto modern safety films. Some studios save three B&W negatives exposed through red, green, and blue filters. Digital methods have also been used to restore and preserve films. Film preservation of decaying film stock is a matter of concern to both film historians and archivists, and to companies interested in preserving their existing products in order to make them available to future generations (and thereby increase revenue).Some films in recent decades have been recorded using analog (signal)analog video technology similar to that used in television production. Modern Digital videodigital video cameras and digital projectors are gaining ground as well. These approaches are extremely beneficial to moviemakers, especially because footage can be evaluated and edited without waiting for the film stock to be processed. Yet the migration is gradual, and as of 2005 most major motion pictures are still recorded on film.

Endurance of films - Films have been around for more than a century, however this is not long when you consider it in relation to other arts like painting and sculpture. Many believe that film will be a long enduring art form because motion pictures appeal to diverse human emotions.Apart from societal norms and cultural changes, there are still close resemblances between theatrical plays throughout the ages and films of today. Romantic motion pictures about a girl loving a guy but not being able to be together for some reason, movies about a hero who fights against all odds a more powerful fiendish enemy, comedies about everyday life, etc. all involve plots with common threads that existed in books, plays and other venues.The reason motion pictures endure is because people still want escapism, adventure, inspiration, humor and to be moved emotionally. Civilization develops and changes, at least in surface features, and so calls for a constant renewal of artistic means to channel these desires. Films provide them in an accessible and powerful way.

See also -

Wikibooks -

wikibooks:Movie making manualMovie making manual

wikibooks:Movie making directoryMovie making directory

Basic types of film -

Narrative film

*Cinematic genre

Documentary film

Experimental film

Animation

Lists -

List of film-related topics (extensive alphabetical listing)plus:

List of movies

Lists of movie source material

:Category:Cult filmsList of Cult Films

List of film festivals

List of film techniques

List of cinematic genres

List of films with plot twists

List of fantasy films

List of films noir

List of disaster movies

List of horror films

List of science fiction films

List of films about possessed or sentient inanimate objects

List of character-based movie franchisesList of character-based movie series

List of movie series

List of computer-animated films

List of the longest movies in history

List of highest-grossing films

List of films with single syllable titles

List of movie clichés by genre

Films that have been considered the greatest ever

List of films that have been considered the worst ever

Last surviving cast member

Surviving cast members

Other -

Film 100 - Study Guides, Practice Exams, Class Breakdown

African Cinema

Charisma

Digital cinema

Filmmaking

Film criticism

Film journals and magazines

Film festival

Film theory

History of cinema

Internet Movie Database

Movie star

Sound stage

References -

Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey (Editored.). ''The Oxford History of World Cinema''. Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0198742428

Hagener, Malte, and Töteberg, Michael. ''Film: An International Bibliography''. Stuttgart: Metzler, 2002. ISBN 3-476-01523-8

Amos VogelVogel, Amos. ''Film As a Subversive Art''. Weidenfeld & Nichols, 1974.

''The Oxford History of World Cinema'', Oxford University Press, 1999; Geoffrey Nowell-Smith, ed.

''Glorious Technicolor: The Movies' Magic Rainbow'', Fred E. Basten. AS Barnes & Company, 1980

''Reel Women. Pioneers of the Cinema. 1896 to the Present'' by Ally Acker, London: B.T.Batsford 1991

''Reel Racism. Confronting Hollywood's Construction of Afro-American Culture'', Vincent F. Rocchio, Westview Press 2000

''New Hollywood Cinema: An Introduction'', Geoff King . Columbia University Press, 2002.

''Notes on Film Noir'' Paul Schrader. Film Comment. '84?

''Celluloid Mavericks: A History of American Independent Film'' by Greg Merritt; Thunder's Mouth Press 2001

''Africa shoots back. Alternative perspectives in sub-saharan francophone african film'' by Melissa Thackway, Indiana University Press 2003

''Glorious Technicolor''; directed by Peter Jones. Based on the book (above); written by Basten & Jones. Documentary, (1998).

Francesco Casetti, ''Theories of Cinema, 1945-1990'', Paperback Edition, University of Texas Press 1999

The Oxford Guide to Film Studies, Oxford University Press 1998

Walters Faber, Helen Walters, Algrant (Ed.), ''Animation Unlimited: Innovative Short Films Since 1940'', HarperCollins Publishers 2004

Trish Ledoux, Doug Ranney, Fred Patten (Ed.), ''Complete Anime Guide: Japanese Animation Film Directory and Resource Guide'', Tiger Mountain Press 1997

Steven Spielberg in ''The making of Jurassic Park''

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ratingzone.com - Personalized Movie Recommendations Patented movie recommendation system. Claims to be right 90% of the time.

roselantern.com - Rose Lantern - Film student resources Movie reviews, film software reviews, and other film student resources.

rottentomatoes.com - Rotten Tomatoes Film reviews

sourcelight.com - Sourcelight Movie Guide Personalized movie recommendations and movie database.

webisodes.org - webisodes.org A wiki webisode directory

movies.yahoo.com - Yahoo! Movies Information on specific movies, including upcoming movies by title, date, and actor

loveasianfilm.com - LoveAsianFilm.com - Your Guide To Asian Cinema Experience Asian DVD/Film Reviews, Features, Trailers, News and more!

behindwoods.com - Behindwoods - One click to know Everything about Tamil Cinema

mediaman.com.au - Media Man Australia film reviews Film reviews

wa.gov - Motion Pictures An economic report on Motion pictures

duke.usask.ca - Roman New Comedie by John Porter, University of Saskatchewan

eonline.com - Jews in Hollywood Ben Stein talks about the very large Jewish element in Hollywood

aceshowbiz.com - AceShowBiz Movie database and news.

movieweb.com - MovieWeb Exclusive news, reviews, gossip, high-quality movie stills, images and trailers.Category:Film af:Filmast:Cinematografia !id:Filmbn:চলচ ;্চিত& #2509;রbs:Filmca:Cinemac s:Filmda:Filmde:Filmkunstes:Ci neeo:Kinofi:Elokuvafr:Cinémag d:Filmhe:קול נועhi:च ;लचित& #2381;रhr:Filmio:Cinemoi t:Cinemahu:Filmja:映 011;ko:영화lb:Film nl:Filmno:Filmpl:Filmpt:Cinema ro:Filmru:Кин ;емат& #1086;гра
092;simple:Moviesk:Filmsl:Film sv:Filmth:ภาพ ;ยนตร& #3660;vi:Phimzh:电ঋ 3;zh-min-nan:Tiān-iáⁿ

http://www.flex-film.com
We have produced video for ten years, and we have the experience, CUT THE CRAP - let us do the work.
http://www.flex-film.com

Audio International Audio Professionale e Broadcast
Audio International vendita prodotti audio progettazione, integrazione di sistemi, consulenza operativa audio, per le aree BROADCAST, CINEMA, FILM, PRODUZIONE, POST PRODUZIONE TELEVISIVA, CINEMATOGRAFICA, PRODUZIONE DVD.
http://www.audiointernational.it

Tetralog Plastic Recycling
trade with thermoplastic raw materials, recycling, offgrade, regrind, repro, bales, floorsweep
http://www.tetralog.com/

Alan J Moore: media composer
bespoke music for film, TV and other media formats
http://www.alanjmoore.com

Creative Coss-Media Consulting and Development
Earthbound Media Group is a fresh and innovative nationally recognized media development and consulting firm based in Orange County, CA. We offer our higher education clients a diversity of services such as media research & analysis, print, web, interactive, advanced-technology software, and video production. We are also a leader in imagining and developing comprehensive 1:1 marketing strategies; combining integrated media campaigns with advanced variable-data and web to print publications.
http://www.earthboundmedia.com/

s1play.com
Scotland's most comprehensive entertainment listings website.
http://www.s1play.com/

Brit Schottelius: Make-up Artist
Homepage of a make-up artist for beauty, character and special effects make-up.
http://www.schottelius.de/

Scott's Movie Comments
Brief film reviews and weekly general movie commentaries
http://www.scottsmovies.com/

artrats
kosmosblues and astronautenstreß-nettext klaus-peter m. lohse & casper rauhblau
http://www.artrats.de/

Blitzcinema Entertainment
Blitzcinema Entertainment is an entertainment company that develops, produces, distributes and markets films, television shows, series and mini-series. In addition, the company produces interactive media including DVD's and CD ROM's.
http://www.blitzcinema.com/

Buero Cremers - Design & Szenenbild
Frank Cremers - Set and production design for TV, virtual formats, shows, film, live events and temporary architecture
http://www.buerocremers.de/

FilmAffinity
Rate movies and find recommended movies based on your ratings - Make lists of movies.
http://www.filmaffinity.com/

'Max and Mike On the Movies' Radio Program
Talk radio show about movies, including reviews of new releases in theaters and on DVD. Also includes the discussion old favorites, listener interaction, sound clips, and guests.
http://www.maxandmike.com/

Lateinamerika-Filmtage Hamburg
Seite des jährlichen lateinamerikanischen Filmfestes in Hamburg auf deutsch und spanisch. Filme und Regisseure aus und über Lateinamerika
http://www.cinelatino.de/

Flanders Script Academy - Vlaamse Script Academie
The Flanders Script Academy (FSA) organizes workshops, seminars and research to improve the practice of writing and evaluating stories on a permanent basis. The workshops and seminars deal with stories for film, television and new media in particular, but also with narratives for drama and prose.
http://www.vsa-fsa.org/

ACMEcinema
Webzine di critica e cultura cinematografica. Valutazione etica ed estetica dei film e lineamenti di cineforum.
http://www.acmecinema.net/

Transfer Movies and Photos To DVD
Transfer Movies and Photos to DVD or CD Professionally and Within your Budget
http://www.transfer-movies-to-dvd.com/

Winthers Wild West
This is problably the largest danish site about the history of the wild west, cowboy movies, biografphys etc. written in danish.
http://www.sherif.dk/

InsiderEntertainment.com
InsiderEntertainment.com ~ the premier creative online manual for metropolitan individuals seeking entertainment and enjoyment in their professional, social and cultural endeavours.
http://www.insiderentertainment.com/

Bildergalerie
Bilder zu verschiedenen Themen, Einblicke zu Film und Kinotechnik
http://www.su-webdesign.de/

mahaleo official website
Led by the songs of the mythical group Mahaleo, the film is a moving portrait of Madagascar today.
http://www.mahaleo.com/

www.MarkusWechsler.de
german Actor
http://www.markuswechsler.de/

Cinematic Videography
European cinematic videography, creative, unobtrusive, elegant.
http://www.enzovideo.com/

White River Studios
A film and TV studio / sound stage in the Texas HIll Country on 200 acres of private land with one mile of the Blanco River.
http://www.whiteriverstudios.com/

CINEMA DOCUMENTARIO
Portale sul cinema documentario. Documentary website.
http://www.ildocumentario.it/

Regensburg-Kultur Regensburg Kultur
Die Kulturseite - ein Kultur Programm für Regensburg und die Oberpfalz mit innovativem Konzept. Kultur in und um Regensburg.
http://www.regensburg-kultur.de/

PopcornMonsters.com - Movie Reviews and More!
Movie Database with movie reviews from members. Collect points by adding content to the site, and cash in the points to win great prizes!
http://PopcornMonsters.com

Claro-Media - Grafik - 3D Animation - Web - CGI
Claro-Media - Grafik, Bildbearbeitung, 3D Computeranimation, Webseiten, Design. Wir erstellen Flyer, Plakate, Visitenkarten, Logos, Filme, Videos, Visualisierungen in Südbaden / Süddeutschland
http://www.claro-media.de/

kpml-art
fine art,stone sculpturese and more from klaus-peter m.lohse angelstones and angelsaxon`rootart
http://www.kpml-art.de

Unbreakable Productions
Full-Service Film and Video Production Company
http://www.unbreakableproductions.com/

Plunge - The Movie
A low budget British feature film about finding the way and the pitfalls of urban surfing
http://www.plunge-the-movie.com/

Ufficio stampa Digital Convergence Broadcast Audio Video
PressPool, giornalisti associati in ufficio stampa specializzato in broadcast, AV, digital convergence... solo.
http://www.presspool.it

Gayle Hurmuses
Media Artist specializing in Documentary Photography and Film, Graphic Design and Event Production. This portfolio site showcases the work of Media Artist Gayle Hurmuses.
http://www.hurmuses.com/

e-Puzzle.SK (www.e-puzzle.sk)
Váš svet zábavy... poskladajte si elektronické/počítačové puzzle podľa nálady !
http://www.e-puzzle.sk

JWR (James Wegg review)
your independent global view of performing arts and film
http://www.jamesweggreview.org/

UNSCENE NAVIGATOR
Featuring maps & guides to navigate through our urban environs, providing direct access to the best shopping, dining and entertainment in numerous cities accross the US, plus an online Calendar of events and newsletter.
http://www.unscene.com/

cultfilm
FCS Part I For charity´s sake
http://www.lohn-der-angst.de/

norwaylive.no - hele norges webtv
Norways`s first commercial and leading webtv-channel. All content are being podcasted. Daily updating within news, shobiz, film, music, travel etc.
http://www.norwaylive.no/

www.darkrose.be
Site cinema
http://www.darkrose.be/

thefullmonte
Reports from the real world in picture, in print, and in video. No press conferences, no correspondents, No gatekeepers.
http://www.thefullmonte.com/

DARKSTARCINEMA
All about movies!
http://www.darkstarcinema.net/

ISNM International School of New Media at the University of Lübeck
The ISNM offers a unique interdisciplinary Master of Science (M.Sc.) in Digital Media program, which combines information technology and computer science with natural sciences, economics, arts, humanities, social and applied sciences. The internationally accredited program is entirely conducted in English. It focuses on the latest trends of digital media technology and their sustainable use in a global context.
http://www.isnm.de

Salma Rosey - Model Actress
Salma Rosey, who has made a name for herself in a foreign land, has reached the limelight, amongst several others in the United States. She speaks about her experiences and accomplishments achieved as a super-model.
http://www.salmarosey.com/

VITAE PICTURES PRODUCTIONS
featured film, short film
http://www.vitaepictures.com/

monoram = ramona
A collection of medial content and activities by Ramona Welsh.
http://www.monoram.de/

Skyblue Creations
On the web, in front of your customers, at a conference, in the media - you need to be sure your company's image and message are broadcast consistently, professionally and memorably. Skyblue will develop, design and manage your image across all media and channels - on the web, at events, in print, through marketing and advertising. To ensure return on investment in design, we support all our services with dedication, professionalism & originality.
http://www.skybluecreations.com/

Possumeggs
Independent business associates providing production services to the entertainment industry.
http://possumeggs.com

CD WOW!
CDs, DVDs und Games zu garantierten Dauertiefpreisen inklusive weltweiter Lieferung FREI HAUS! CD WOW! bietet deutsche & internationale CDs, DVDs & Games zu Discount-Preisen! Jede Bestellung ist versandkostenfrei! Profitieren auch Sie von unserem Top Angebot & einzigartigen Kundenservice. - CD WOW! macht Dauer-Tiefpreis Entertainment -
http://www.cdwow.net/

RareHollywood.com / RareDVD.com / RareVideo.com / RareMoviePoster.com
Collectors who specialize in acquiring for movie lovers rare, hard-to-find and out-of-print DVD, VHS and Laserdisc titles. We also collect original movie posters, lobby cards and Hollywood memorabilia.
http://www.rarehollywood.com/

The Best way to Start in TV
You want to work in TV? Presenters, Researchers, Runners, DV cameramen etc. Programme makers need talented newcomers. Let them discover you. Getting seen on StartinTV is the answer. The best way to break in is via work experience and StartinTV.com specialises in finding placements. Visit and see for yourself.
http://www.StartinTV.com/

INVISIBLE CHAMBER
showcase of non-commercial animation, film, photography and design by arne beck plus documentations about the ronin projects.
http://www.invisiblechamber.com/

Video Marines
For all your video needs, Call the video marines !
http://www.videomarines.com/

Third World Newsreel
TWN is an alternative media arts organization that fosters the creation, appreciation and dissemination of independent film and video by and about people of color. Established in 1967 as Newsreel, a network of radical filmmakers, its activist collectives produced and distributed their own short black and white films covering the anti-war and women's movements, civil and human rights, the Black Panthers and the Young Lords.
http://www.twn.org/

OPONA Studio Bratislava
Production and postproduction studio, editing, effects, animation, 3D, sound, music recording, mastering, DVD
http://www.opona.sk

terapija.net
džepni e-zine o zvuku & slici
http://www.terapija.net/

Composer Wayne Scott Joness
Homepage for Los Angeles composer Wayne Scott Joness. Wayne specializes in direct response marketing music.
http://www.joness.com/

Heinrich Heine Buchhandlung
Die Buchhandlung an der Hamburger Universität. Versand in Deutschland kostenlos
http://www.heinebuch.de/

Tim Warnock - The Next Side
Matte Painter & Concept Artist
http://www.thenextside.com

www.onvideo.lt
Award winning DVD's about the Baltic States: Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia
http://www.onvideo.lt/

Jerry Broome
New York Actor, born in Waco, Texas, moved to NYC to study with William Esper for 2 years in 2001. Since then he has been in several Off Broadway Plays, recurring appearances on One Life To Live and many starring roles in the independent film industry.
http://www.jerrybroome.com/

www.thinktankentertainment.com
ThinkTank Entertainment, Inc. (ThinkTank) is a group of experienced production veterans dedicated to the fusion of out-of-the-box thinking with proven methods of production creation. ThinkTank develops in-house feature films as well as motion pictures for out-of-house producers. ThinkTank’s founder has more than two decades of film and video experience.
http://www.thinktankentertainment.com/

http://www.leenakejriwal.com
Website of Kolkata based Indian creative / fine art photographer Leena Kejriwal.
http://www.leenakejriwal.com/

Icon Plus
Audiovisual works, Analogue or Digital up to High Definition Video to 35mm film transfer, Surround sound final mix (DTS, DOLBY)
http://www.iconplus.gr/

Chatterley Press International
An independent press, founded in the spirit of Virginia Woolf's Hogarth Press.
http://www.chatterleypress.com/

Plastic Trader Enterprises
Plastic Trader Enterprises and Phoenix Recycling specialize in recycling all different types of plastic, rubber, silicone, and paper scrap.
http://www.plastictrader.us/

huwelijksvideo
een video van uw gehele bruiloft hoeft niet duur te zijn...
http://home.12move.nl/brugo.nl//

IRRAH-The art of Harri Ansorge
IRRAH is the Home of the artwork of Harri Ansorge, contains soundart, photography and films.
http://www.irrah.de/

Nozal'studio in Spain.
Art, film, stainedglass
http://www.nozal.com/

Reelstreets - British Feature Film Locations
A site devoted to British film locations, and places where films were made in England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, in the years 1920's to 1980's.
http://www.reelstreets.com/

Christos Prossylis - Χρήστος Προσύλης
the personal web site of the film director, theatre director, new media artist and writer Christos Prossylis
http://www.prossylis.com/

Department Studios
Music, Sound & Picture in Motion
http://www.departmentstudios

Heminge & Condell
Counselors to leading businesses, not-for-profits, and governments, world-wide
http://www.hemingeandcondell.com/

www.movieinstitute.com
The MOVIE INSTITUTE offers hands-on acting and moviemaking camps and workshops for teens and children that taught by experienced industry professionals. The summer camp offered, KAMP HOLLYWOOD (www.kamphollywood.com), is a unique day camp that offers youth and children a creative and fun learning experience on how to really make a movie. Both acting and production are covered and campers create, write, produce, direct and act in their own video short that is shown the last day in a film festival style screening.
http://www.movieinstitute.com/

Music creation and production studio
Original soundtracks for film and television, contemporary and old style song composition, mastering facility, session musicians for hire.
http://www.cruiserman.com/

Dizzy Heights Makeup
make-up for fashion, film, tv, video, editorial and weddings. Special effect make-up and prosthetics. Tuition in all kinds of make-up.
http://dizzyheightsmakeup.co.uk/

CO JEST GRANE
Aktualny repertuar teatrów i kin. Wystawy i wernisaże. Koncerty i trasy koncertowe. Nowości wydawnicze: książki i płyty. Archiwum imprez począwszy od 2002.
http://www.cjg.pl/

MITV independent art label - film & print
Weisheiten bis zum Abwinken
http://www.mitv.de/

Verbal's Domain
Welcome to the Verbal's Domain! Where dreams come true... un sito scritto per il semplice piacere di trovarsi nella rete e comunicare qualcosa! Come si dice: JUST FOR FUN :)
http://www.verbal.it/

www.mediaartfriesland.nl
Media Art Friesland is a foundation with an ideal basis. It offers a platform for development, presentation and interaction of media art. Organising, accessibility and presentation of media art for a broad public is the starting point. Every quarter of the year artists are invited to realise a project like performance, screening, event of exhibition. In September/ October the yearly Media Art Friesland Festival takes place.
http://www.mediaartfriesland.nl/

Iraninfo.dk Information about Iran and Iranians living in Denmark
Information about Iran and iranian comunity, history art and more
http://www.iraninfo.dk

Tamil Media Network
tamil related websites.
http://www.tamil-media.com/

Oliver Whitehead
artist working in different media; film/video, installation, drawing, photography, wall drawings
http://www.oliverwhitehead.net/

INNOVATIVE SOUNDS ambient Chill Out New Age Meditation & Sound-Design
INNOVATIVE SOUNDS Music Productions, Ambient, Chill Out, Psychedelic & Trance. mp3 Sound-Design und New Age Meditation für private und kommerzielle Nutzung in Film, Video und Multimedia, auf Wunsch gemafrei und lizenziert für öffentliche Aufführungen und gewerbliche Verwendung
http://www.innovativesounds.de/

Becky's Drive-In Theater
The official website of Becky's Drive-In Theatre - located in Berlinsville Pennsylvania (approx. 11 miles North of Allentown, PA, 20 miles West of Easton, PA and 15 miles from Bethlehem, PA). This website includes movie show times, pictures, history, souvenirs, directions, weather, and much more!
http://www.beckysdi.com/

Meine Ritterburg - Lernenn mit Spaß & Spiel
Ritter, Burgen, Mittelalter, Crossmediaprojekt für Schulen, Lernen mit Spiel und Spaß, Unterrichtsmaterialien, Downloads, Ausflügsziele, Literaturtipps, Film, Aktionen, Ausstellungen, Drucken, Basteln, Malen, e-books, Volker Schlee Verlag, Sideware
http://www.meine-ritterburg.de/

viZoo - Advanced Video Design
With viZoo you can create the perfect illusion in Free Format™. A free-floating hologram which looks absolutely true to life - reminding many people of the Star Wars series.
http://www.vizoo.com/

Wataru Hokoyama Web site
Official website for film composer Wataru Hokoyama. Filmography, Awards, Biography, Contact, Listen Online, etc.
http://www.hokoyama.com/

e-kritic
Critiques de films réalisées avant de voir les films
http://www.e-kritic.com/

mr. nicolai tegeler
homepage from the actor nicolai tegeler
http://www.nicolai-tegeler.de/

Dragon Willow Productions
website and forum
http://www.dragonwillowproductions.com/

ink [and] ashes film reviews
Raising the good, burying the bad: film reviews by Frederik Sisa.
http://www.inkandashes.net/

FILM.DOK
Magyar-Román Dokumenumfilm Fesztivál Festivalul Filmelor Documentare Romano- Maghiar
http://www.dok.ro/

The Internet Movie Database
Features plot summaries, reviews, cast lists, and theatre schedules.
http://www.imdb.com/

RealGuide
This site is a searchable index of many large sites that feature streaming real media.
http://realguide.real.com/

IFILM
Comprehensive film portal and directory, with extensive editorial information and links to more than 5,000 Internet films of both foreign and domestic content.
http://www.ifilm.com

Digital City
The city resource and interactive community. Provides a wide array of products and delivers local news, entertainment, and community resources for over 60 metropolitan areas.
http://www.digitalcity.com

The Film Festivals Server
Searchable database of international film and television festivals. Listings include news, articles, interviews, film details, and multimedia.
http://www.filmfestivals.com/