financing

the act of financing

Finance studies and addresses the ways in which individuals, businesses and organizations raise, allocate and use monetary resources over time, taking into account the risks entailed in their projects. The term finance may thus incorporate any of the following:

The study of money and other assets

The management and control of those assets

Profiling and managing project risks

As a verb, "to finance" is to provide funds for business.

Examples of some basic financial concepts - The activity of finance is the application of a set of techniques that individuals and organizations (entities) use to manage their financial affairs, particularly the differences between income and expenditure and the risks of their investments.An entity whose income exceeds its expenditure can lend or invest the excess income. On the other hand, an entity whose income is less than its expenditure can raise capital by borrowing or selling equity claims, decreasing its expenses, or increasing its income. The lender can find a borrower, a financial intermediary, such as a bank or buy notes or bonds in the bond market. The lender receives interest, the borrower pays a higher interest than the lender receives, and the financial intermediary pockets the difference. A bank aggregates the activities of many borrowers and lenders. A bank accepts deposits from lenders, on which it pays interest. The bank then lends these deposits to borrowers. Banks allow borrowers and lenders of different sizes to coordinate their activity. Banks are thus compensators of money flows in space since they allow different lenders and borrows to meet, and in time, since every borrower will eventually pay back.A specific example of corporate finance is the sale of stock by a company to institutional investors like investment banks, who in turn generally sell it to the public. The stock gives whoever owns it part ownership in that company. If you buy one share of XYZ inc, and they have 100 shares available, you are 1/100 owner of that company. You own 1/100 of anything on the asset side of the balance sheet. Of course, in return for the stock, the company receives cash, which it uses to expand its business in a process called "equity financing". Equity financing mixed with the sale of bonds (or any other debt financing) is called the company's capital structure. Finance is used by individuals (personal finance), by governments (public finance), by businesses (corporate finance ), etc., as well as by a wide variety of organizations including schools and non-profit organizations. In general, the goals of each of the above activities are achieved through the use of appropriate financial instruments, with consideration to their institutional setting.

Personal finance - Questions in !List_of_finance_topics#Persona l_finance? personal finance revolve around

How much money will be needed by an individual (or a family) at various points in the future?

How does this money need to be funded?

How do I protect myself against unforeseen events?Personal financial decisions involve paying for education, financing durable goods such as real estate and cars, buying insurance, e.g. health and property insurance, investing and saving for retirement.

Business finance - In the case of a company, managerial finance or corporate finance is the task of providing the funds for the corporations' activities. It generally involves balancing risk and profitability. Long term funds would be provided by stockequity and long-term credit, often in form of bonds. These decisions lead to the company's capital structure. Short term funding or working capital is mostly provided by banks extending a line of credit.On the bond market, borrowers package their debt in the form of bonds. The borrower receives the money it borrows by selling the bond, which includes a promise to repay the value of the bond with interest. The purchaser of a bond can resell the bond, so the actual recipient of interest payments can change over time. Bonds allow lenders to recoup the value of their loan by simply selling the bond.Another business decision concerning finance is investment, or fund management. An investment is an acquisition of an asse] in the hopes that it will maintain or increase its value. In !List_of_finance_topics#Investm ent_managementinvestment management - in choosing a portfolio (finance)portfolio - one has to decide ''what'', ''how much'' and ''when'' to invest. In doing so, one needs to

Identify relevant objectives and constraints: institution or individual - goals - time horizon - risk aversion - tax considerations

Identify the appropriate strategy: active vs passive - hedging strategy

Measure the portfolio performanceFinancial management is duplicate with the financial function of the accounting profession. However, accounting is concerned with reporting of historical financial information, while the financial decision is directed toward the future of the firm.

Finance of states - Country, state, county, city or municipality finance is called !List_of_finance_topics#Public_ financepublic finance. It is concerned with

Identification of required expenditure of a public sector entity

Source(s) of that entity's revenue

The budgeting process

Debt issuance (municipal bonds) for public works projects

Financial economics - MainFinancial economics Financial economics is the branch of economics studying the interrelation of financial variables, s.a. prices, interest rates and shares as opposed to those concerning the real economy. Financial economics concentrates on influences of !Real_vs._nominal_in_economics< bara>real economic variables on financial ones, in contrast to pure finance.It studies:

!List_of_finance_topics#Valuati on? Valuation - Determination of the fair value of an asset

*How risky is the asset? (identification of the asset appropriate discount rate)

*What cash flows will it produce? (discounting of relevant cash flows)

*How does the market price compare to similar assets? (relative valuation)

*Are the cash flows dependent on some other asset or event? (derivatives, contingent claim valuation)

!List_of_finance_topics#Financi al_markets Financial markets and instruments

*Commodities - !List_of_finance_topics#Commodi ty_markets? topics

*Stocks - !List_of_finance_topics#Stock_m arket topics

*Bonds - !List_of_finance_topics#Bond_ma rket topics

*Money market instruments- !List_of_finance_topics#Money_m arket topics

*Derivatives - !List_of_finance_topics#Derivat ives_market topics

!List_of_finance_topics#Financi al_institutions_and_banking? Financial institutions and !List_of_finance_topics#Financi al_supervision,_regulation,_an d_accreditation? regulation

Financial mathematics - MainFinancial mathematics Financial mathematics is the branch of applied mathematics concerned with the financial markets. Financial mathematics is the study of financial data with the tools of mathematics, mainly statistics. Such data can be movements of securities - stocks and bonds etc. - and their relations. Another large subfield is insurance mathematics.

See also -

Funding, a synonym of financing

There are also over 250 other finance articles in Wikipedia. See list of finance topics or list of finance topics (alphabetical).

List of publications in economics#Finance Important publications in finance

External links -

For an in-depth finance glossary, see Glyn A. Holton's riskglossary.com - riskglossary

For finance theory and investing models, see 12manage.com - 12manage

For a Hypertextual Finance Glossary, see duke.edu - Prof. Campbell R. Harvey

For a Free Derivatives Valuation and Calculation site, see derivativeone.com - Financial Derivatives Valuation and Calculators

For material covering three areas in finance - corporate finance, valuation and investment management, see pages.stern.nyu.edu - Prof. Aswath Damodaran

For links to finance web sites, grouped by topic see web.utk.edu - Web Sites for Discerning Finance Students, Prof. John M. Wachowicz

For list of online brokerages, online trading resources see peoplenmoney.com - The most complete list of online brokers www.peopleNmoney.com

For articles on current corporate finance and investment issues, visit oaktree-research.com - Oaktree Research, a financial education portal

The introductory finance web site at the University of Arizona, studyfinance.com - studyfinance.com

For illustrative (simpler) worked examples covering several of these topics see teachmefinance.com - teachmefinance

For introductory articles covering mathematical finance see quantnotes.com - quantnotes

For introductory articles, a full glossary and links to resources on behavioral finance see the perso.wanadoo.fr - BF gallery

An extensive resource for mathematical and quantitative finance at moneyscience.org - moneyscience.org

For introductory articles and advanced discussion of finance with a focus on investing, see investopedia.com - !investopedia.Category:Finance< bara>!*be:Фінансыde:Finanzier ungel:Χρηματοοικον ομικάfr:Financeid:Keuanga nit:Finanzanl:Financiënja:金 融ru:Финансыscn:Finanz asv:Finansväsenth:การ� �งินzh:金融学? DEBUG REDIRECT (finance)

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