funk

a state of nervous depression

"he was in a funk" United States biochemist (born in Poland) who showed that several diseases were caused by dietary deficiencies and who coined the term `vitamin' for the chemicals involved (1884-1967) an earthy type of jazz combining it with blues and soul

has a heavy bass line that accentuates the first beat in the bar draw back, as with fear or pain

"she flinched when they showed the slaughtering of the calf"

Funk Funk is a distinct style of music originated by African-Americans, e.g., James Brown (musician)James Brown and his band members (especially Maceo ParkerMaceo and Melvin Parker), and groups like The Meters.Funk best can be recognized by its syncopated rhythms; thick bass line (often based on an "on the one" beat); razor-sharp rhythm guitars; chanted or hollered vocals (as that of Marva WhitneyMarva Whitney or the Bar-Kays); strong, rhythm-oriented horn sections; prominent Percussion_instrumentpercussion; an upbeat attitude; African tones; danceability; and strong jazz influences (e.g., as in the music of Miles Davis, Herbie Hancock, George Duke, Eddie Harris, and others).

Characteristics - Compared to funk's predecessor, the soul music of 1960s, funk typically uses more complex rhythms, while song structures are usually simpler. Often, the structure of a funk song consists of just one or two riffs. Sometimes the point at which one riff changes to another becomes the highlight of a song. The soul dance music of its day, the basic idea of funk was to create as intense a groove as possible. One of the most distinctive features of funk music is the role played by bass guitar. Before soul music, bass was rarely prominent in popular music. Players like the legendary Motown bassist James Jamerson brought bass to the forefront, and funk built on that foundation, with melodic basslines often being the centerpiece of songs. Notable funk bassists include Bootsy Collins and Larry Graham of Sly & the Family Stone. Graham is often credited with inventing the percussive "Slappingslap bass technique," which was further developed by later bassists and became a distictive element of funk. Since funk is strongly rhythm-oriented, many funk songs contain no solos. Those that do often feature skillfully improvised horn solos. Some of the best known and most skillful soloists have jazz backgrounds. Trombonist Fred Wesley and saxophonist Maceo Parker are among the most notable musicians in the funk music genre, both having worked with James Brown (musician)James Brown and George Clinton (funk musician)George Clinton.In funk bands, guitarists typically play in a percussive style. "Dead" notes often are used in riffs to strengthen percussive elements. When playing with a horn section, guitarists usually play no solos; but if a band's style is closer to a "funk rock" approach, then a guitarist may play solos with a distorted sound. Jimi Hendrix was the pioneer of funk rock and his improvised other-worldly solos influenced Eddie Hazel of Funkadelic. Eddie Hazel who later worked with George Clinton is one of the most notable guitar soloists in funk. Jimmy Nolen and Phelps Collins are famous funk rhythm guitarists who both worked with James Brown.

History -

Origin of funk - Category:SlangThe word "funk", once defined in dictionaries as body odor or the smell of sexual intercourse, commonly has been regarded as coarse or indecent. African-American musicians originally applied "funk" to music with a slow, mellow groove, then later with a hard-driving, insistent rhythm because of the word's association with sexual intercourse. This early form of the music set the pattern for later musicians. The music was slow, sexy, loose, riff-oriented and danceable. ''Funky'' typically described these qualities. In jam sessions, musicians would encourage one another to "get down" by telling one another, "Now, put some ''stank'' ('stink'/funk) on it!" At least as early as the 1930s, jazz songs carried titles such as Mezz Mezzrow's ''Funky Butt.'' As late as the 1950s and early 1960s, when "funk" and "funky" were used increasingly in the context of soul music, the terms still were considered indelicate and inappropriate for use in polite company.The distinctive characteristics of African-American musical expression are rooted in West AfricaWest African musical traditions, and find their earliest expression in spirituals, work chants/songs, praise shouts, gospel and blues. In more contemporary music, gospel, blues and blues extensions and jazz often flow together seamlessly. Funky music is an amalgam of soul music, soul jazz and R&B.

James Brown and funk as a genre - , the "Godfather of Soul," innovated funk as a distinct music genre.]] Only with the innovations of James Brown in the late 1960s was funk regarded as a distinct genre. In the R&B tradition, these tightly rehearsed bands created an instantly recognizable style, overlaid with catchy, anthemic vocals. Often cueing his band with the command, "On the one!" Brown changed the rhythmic emphasis from the two-four beat of traditional soul music to a one-three emphasis previously associated with white musical forms -- but with a hard-driving, brassy swing. This pumping, one-three beat became a signature of classic funk. While James Brown's 1965 Top 10 Mercury Records hit "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag" is widely presumed to be the song that paved way for the funk genre, much of Brown's work in 1965 and 1966, though remarkable, still maintained the rhythms and approach found in earlier records. It was the #1 R&B hits "Cold Sweat" in 1967, "I Got The Feelin'" and "Say It Loud, I'm Black And I'm Proud" in 1968 that further defined the feel of funk. R&B #1's "Give It Up Or Turn It Loose" and "Mother Popcorn" in 1969 continued to solidify the tight rhythms, riffs and grooves for which funk music is known, setting the standard for James Brown's future work and the rising wave of funk to come in the 1970s.Other musical groups picked up on the riffriffs, rhythms, and vocal style innovated by James Brown (musician)James Brown and his band, and the style began to grow. Dyke & the Blazers based in Phoenix, Arizona released "Funky Broadway" in 1967, perhaps the first record to have "funky" in the title. Meanwhile, on the West Coast of the United StatesWest Coast, Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band were releasing funk tracks beginning with their first album in 1967, culminating in their classic single "Express Yourself" in 1970. The Meters defined funk in New Orleans, LouisianaNew Orleans starting with their Top Ten R&B hits "Sophisticated Cissy" and "Cissy Strut" in 1969. Another group who would define funk in the decade to come were The Isley Brothers whose funky 1969 #1 R&B hit, "It's Your Thing", signaled a breakthrough in black music bridging the gaps of the rock of Jimi Hendrix and the upbeat soul of Sly & the Family Stone.

1970s and P-Funk - In the 1970s, a new group of musicians further developed the "funk rock" approach innovated by Jimi Hendrix. George Clinton (funk musician)George Clinton, with his bands Parliament (band)Parliament and, later, Funkadelic, produced a new kind of funk sound heavily influenced by jazz and psychedelic music. The two groups had members in common and often are referred to singly as !"Parliament-Funkadelic.&q uot;? The breakout popularity of Parliament-Funkadelic gave rise to the term "P-Funk," which both referred to the music by George Clinton's bands and defined a new subgenre. at the VH1 Fashion Awards.]]"P-funk" also came to mean something in its quintessence, of superior quality, or ''sui generis'', as in the lyrics from "P-Funk," a hit single from Parliament's album "Mothership Connection"::"I want the bomb. I want the P-Funk. I want my funk uncut."''The 1970s was probably the era of highest mainstream visibility for funk music. Other prominent funk bands of the period included Earth, Wind & Fire, Bootsy's Rubber Band, The Meters, Ohio Players, The Commodores, War (band)War, Kool & the Gang, Confunkshun, Slave (band)Slave, Cameo (band)Cameo, Midnight Star(band)Midnight Star, the Bar-Kays, Betty Davis, Zapp, and many more.Already, in late 1960s, many jazz musicians — among them Horace Silver, Herbie Hancock (with his The HeadhuntersHeadhunters band), Grover Washington Jr.Grover Washington, Jr., and Cannonball Adderly, Les McCann and Eddie Harris — had begun to combine jazz and funk. Sometimes this approach is called "jazz-funk". Additionally, in the late 1960s work of Miles Davis (with girlfriend/wife Betty Davis) and Tony Williams helped to create Jazz fusion and influnced funk.Funk music was exported to Africa in the late 1960s, and melded with African singing and rhythms to form Afrobeat. Fela Kuti was a Nigerian musician who is credited with creating the music and terming it "Afrobeat".Disco music owed a great deal to funk. Many early disco songs and performers came directly from funk-oriented backgrounds.

1980s and stripped-down funk - In the 1980s, many of the core elements that formed the foundation of the P-Funk formula began to be usurped by machines.Horns were replaced by synthesizersynths, effectively phasing out horn sections, and the horns that remained were simplified from the patterns and hooks of the earlier funk sound. Horn solos were out. The classic keyboards of funk, like the Hammond B3 organ and the Rhodes pianoFender Rhodes piano began to be replaced by the brash sound of new digital synthesizers like the Yamaha DX7. Drum machines began to replace the "funky drummerfunky drummers" of the past, and the slappingslap and pop style of bass playing began to fall out of favor, often replaced by thinner sounding and rhythmically simpler keyboard bass. The lyrics and hooks of funk began to change from often suggestive and using double entendre to more graphic and sexually explicit.Rick James was the first funkateer of the 80s to assume the funk mantle dominated by P-Funk in the 70s. His 1981 album Street Songs with the singles "Give It To Me Baby" and "Super Freak" resulted in James becoming a bit of a rock star, and paved the way for the future direction of explicitness in funk. Prince (artist)Prince, using a stripped-down instrumentation similar to Rick James, went on to have as much of an impact on the sound of funk as any one artist since James Brown (musician)James Brown. Prince (artist)Prince combined eroticism, technology, an increasing musical complexity, and an outrageous image and stage show to ultimately create a musical world as ambitious and imaginative as P-Funk or The Beatles. The Time (band)The Time, originally conceived as an opening act for Prince and based on his "Minneapolis Sound", went on to define their own style of stripped-down funk based on tight musicianship and sexual themes.Bands that began during the 1970s P-Funk era incorporated some of the uninhibited sexuality of Prince (artist)Prince and state-of-the-art technological developments to continue to craft funk hits. Cameo (band)Cameo, Zapp (band)Zapp, The Gap Band, The Bar-Kays, and The Dazz Band all found their biggest hits in the 80s, but by the latter half of the 80s, funk had lost its commercial impact.Afrika Bambaataa influenced by Kraftwerk created "Electro (music)Electro Funk", a minimalist machine-driven style of funk with his single "Planet Rock" in 1982. Also known simply as Electro (music)Electro, this style of funk was driven by synthesizers and the electronic rhythm of the TR-808 drum machine. The single "Renegades of Funk" followed in 1983.

Recent developments - While funk was all but driven from the radio by slick commercial Rhythm and bluesR&B and New Jack Swing, its influence continued to spread. Rock bands began adding elements of Funk to their sound, creating new combinations of "funk rock" and funk metal. Jane's Addiction, Primus (band)Primus, Fishbone, Faith No More and the Red Hot Chili Peppers spread the approach and styles garnered from funk pioneers to all new predominantly white audiences in the mid-to-late 1980s and the 1990s. These bands later inspired the underground mid-1990s funkcore movement.Artists like The Brand New Heavies and Me'shell Ndegeocello carried on with strong elements of funk in the 1990s, but never came close to reaching the commercial success of funk in its heyday.Today, hip hop artists regularly digital samplingsample old funk tunes. James Brown (musician)James Brown is said to be the most sampled artist in the history of hip hop. P-Funk also is sampled frequently—samples of old Parliament (band)Parliament and Funkadelic songs formed the basis of West Coast rapWest Coast G Funk. Funk is a major element of certain artists identified with the Jam band scene of the late 1990s and 2000s. Medeski Martin & Wood, Galactic (band)Galactic, Soulive, and Karl Denson's Tiny Universe all drawing heavily from the funk tradition.In Brazil, the word "funk" is used to denote a distinct genre of music called baile funk (also known as rio funk), related to electro (music)electro.''Note Despite its name, Grand Funk Railroad is ''not'' a funk band; the name is a pun on Grand Trunk Railroad, a Michigan rail line, and it is a straight rock and rollrock band. Also the word "funk" is often used widely to refer to African-American pop music of the 1970s in general. Artists such as Stevie Wonder and Marvin Gaye actually recorded few straight funk pieces.

See also -

list of funk musicians

The Funk Brothers

African American music

Funk (disambiguation)

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Fachforum für Funkhardware
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Record Store
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SOULVILLE VINYL - Northern Soul Records Mailorder Shop
Online mail order shop for 45 rpm vinyl records. We specialize in Northern Soul, Classic & Rare Soul, Motown Soul, R&B, Funk, Jazz, Mod & Blues 45s. Label scans & audio sound bites are also available.
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Grand Funk Railroad.com
Includes history, timeline, and discography.
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Dory Funk Jr. Funking Conservatory
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Funk, Soul, R&B Music Database
FUNK45.com focuses on rare and collectable singles from the 60s and 70s, with regular audio and information contributions from collectors throughout the world.
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Duke University
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