ironwork

work made of iron (gratings or rails or railings etc)

"the houses had much ornamental ironwork"

Ironwork is any weapon, artwork, utensil or architectural feature made of iron especially used for decorative purposes. There are two main types of ironwork wrought iron and cast iron. While the use of iron dates back as 4000BC, it was the Hittites who first knew how to extract it and develop weapons. Use of iron was mainly utilitarian until the Middle Ages, it became widely used for decorative purposes in the period between the 16th and 19th century.

Wrought ironwork - Wrought ironwork is forged by a blacksmith using an anvil. The earliest known ironwork are beads from Jirzah in Egypt dating from 3500 BC and made from meteoric iron with the earliest use of smelted iron dates back to Mesopotamia. However, the first use of iron dates back to the Hittites from 2000BC.Knowledge about the use of iron spread from the Middle East to Greece and the Aegean region by 1000BC and had reached western and central Europe by 600BC. However, its use was primarily utilarian for weapons and tools before the Middle Ages. Due to rusting, very little remains of early ironwork.From the medieval period, use of ironwork for decorative purposes became more common. Iron was used to protect doors and windows of valuable places from attack from raiders and was also used for decoration as can be seen at Canterbury Cathedral, Winchester Cathedral and Notre Dame de Paris. Armour also was decorated, often simply but occasionally elaborately.From the 16th century onwards, ironwork became highly ornate especially in the Baroque and Rococo periods. In Spain, elaborate screens of iron or rejería were built in all of the Spanish cathedrals rising up to nine metres high.In France, highly decorative iron balconies, stair railings and gateways were highly fashionable from 1650. Jean Tijou brought the style to England and examples of his work can be seen at Hampton Court and St Pauls Cathedral. Wrought ironwork was widely used in the UK during the 18th in gates and railings in London and towns such as Oxford and Cambridge. In the US, ironwork features more prominently in New Orleans than elsewhere due to its French influence.As iron became more common, it became widely used for cooking utensils, stoves, grates, locks, hardware and other household uses. From the beginning of the 19th century, wrought iron was being replaced by cast iron due to the latter's lower cost. However, the English Arts and Craft movement produced some excellent work in the middle of the 19th century. In modern times, much modern wrought work is done using the pneumatic hammer and the acetylene torch. A number of modern sculptors have worked in iron including Pablo Picasso, Julio González and David Smith (sculptor)David Smith.

Cast Ironwork - Cast iron is produced in a furnace stoked with alternate layers of coking iron then poured into molds. After the iron cools off, the sand is cleaned off. The Chinese were the first to use cast iron from the 6th century AD using it as support for pagodapagodas and other buildings.It was introduced into Europe by the 15th century with its main decorative uses being as firebackfirebacks and plates for woodburning stoves in Germany, the Netherlands and Scanindavia. By the end of the 18th century, cast iron was increasing used for railings, balconies, banisters and garden furniture due to its lower cost.

References -

External references -

encyclopedia.com - Encyclopedia.com article on Ornamental ironwork

buildingconservation.com - Wrought ironwork

chicora.org - Cemetery fence ironwork

answers.com - Columbia Encyclopedia article on ornamental ironwork

britannica.com - Encyclopædia Britannica article on metalwork

Custom Metal Design
Custom Blacksmith Studio and Center for Metal Arts school
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Ironwork
Master metalsmiths designing and creating fine stair railings, entrance gates and doors, furniture, lighting, sculpture and other custom products.
http://www.ironwork.com

Amazon.com
Departments include books, music, videos, home and garden, electronics, and toys.
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Jim Lawrence Traditional Ironwork
Hand made ironwork delivered direct to your door. Online shop.
http://www.jim-lawrence.co.uk/

Celtic Dreams Ironwork
Manufacturers and distributors of handmade wrought iron curtain poles and beds and other wrought iron household accessories.
http://www.curtainpoles.co.uk/

Widerview Village
Furnishings and decor for kitchen, home and garden.
http://www.widerview.com/