javascript

JavaScript is an object-based scripting programming language based on the concept of prototype-orientedprototypes. The language is best known for its use in websites, but is also used to enable scripting access to objects embedded in other applications. It was originally developed by Brendan Eich of Netscape Communications Corporation under the name ''Mocha'', then ''LiveScript'', and finally renamed to JavaScript. Like Java programming languageJava, JavaScript has a C programming languageC-like syntax, but it has far more in common with the Self programming language than with Java.As of 1999, the latest version of the language is JavaScript 1.5, which corresponds to ECMA-262 Edition 3. ECMAScript, in simple terms, is a standardized version of JavaScript. Mozilla versions since 1.8 Beta 1 also have partial support of E4X, which is a language extension dealing with XML, defined in the ECMA-357 standard.

Java, JavaScript, and JScript - The change of name from LiveScript to JavaScript happened at roughly the time when Netscape was including support for Java technology in its Netscape Navigator web browser. JavaScript was first introduced and deployed in the Netscape browser version 2.0B3 in December of 1995. The choice of name proved to be a source of much confusion. There is no real relation between Java and JavaScript; their similarities are mostly in syntax (that is, both derived from C programming languageC). Their semantics are quite different: notably, their object models are unrelated and largely incompatible. Also worth mentioning is Microsoft's own VBScript, which, like JavaScript, is mainly used in web pages. VBScript's syntax derives from Visual Basic, and is only available on Internet Explorer, unlike JavaScript, which is available in most browsers. When faced with the problem of choosing between the two languages, programmers will most often opt for JavaScript.Due to the de facto success of JavaScript as a web page enhancement language, Microsoft developed a compatible language known as JScript. JScript was first supported in the Internet Explorer browser version 3.0 released in August, 1996. When web developers talk about using JavaScript in the IE browser, they usually mean JScript. The need for common specifications for that language was the basis of the ECMA 262 standard for ECMAScript (see #External linksexternal links below), three editions of which have been published since the work started in November 1996 (and which in turn set the stage for the standardization of C Sharp programming languageC# a few years later). One term often related to JavaScript, the Document Object Model (DOM), is actually not part of the ECMAScript standard; it's rather a standard on its own, and closely related to XML.

Usage - JavaScript is a prototype-based programmingprototype-based scripting language with a syntax loosely based on C. Like C, it has the concept of ''reserved keywords'', which (being executed from source) means it is almost impossible to extend the language without breakage.Also like C, the language has no input or output constructs of its own.Where C relies on standard I/O libraries, a JavaScript engine relies on a ''host program'' into which it is embedded. There are many such host programs, of which web technologies are the most well known examples. These are examined first.JavaScript embedded in a web browser connects through interfaces called Document Object Model (DOM) to applications, especially to the server side (web servers) and the client side (web browsers) of web applications. Many web sites use client-side JavaScript technology to create powerful dynamic web applications.It may use unicode and can evaluate regular expressions (introduced in version 1.2 in Netscape Navigator 4 and Internet Explorer 4). JavaScript expressions contained in a string can be evaluated using the eval function.One major use of web-based JavaScript is to write functions that are embedded in or included from HTML pages and interact with the DOM of the page to perform tasks not possible in static HTML alone, such as opening a new window, checking input values, changing images as the mouse cursor moves over, etc. Unfortunately, the DOM interfaces in various browsers differ and don't always match the W3C DOM standards. Different browsers expose different objects and methods to the script. It is therefore often necessary to write different variants of a JavaScript function for the various browsers, though this situation is improving. Major design methodologies using JavaScript to interact with DOM include Dynamic HTMLDHTML, Ajax (programming) Ajax, and Single Page ApplicationSPA.Outside of the Web, JavaScript interpreters are embedded in a number of tools. Adobe SystemsAdobe Adobe AcrobatAcrobat and Adobe Reader support JavaScript in Portable Document FormatPDF files. The Mozilla platform, which underlies several common web browsers, uses JavaScript to implement the user interface and transaction logic of its various products. JavaScript interpreters are also embedded in proprietary applications that lack scriptable interfaces. Dashboard (software)Dashboard Widgets in Apple's Mac OS X v10.4 are implemented using JavaScript. Microsoft's Active Scripting technology supports JavaScript-compatible JScript as an operating system scripting language. JScript .NET is a Common Language InfrastructureCLI-compliant language that is similar to JScript, but has further object oriented programming features.Each of these applications provides its own object model which provides access to the host environment, with the core JavaScript language remaining mostly the same in each application.

Core language elements -

Whitespace - Space (punctuation)Spaces, tabs, newlines and comments used outside string constants are called whitespace. Unlike C, whitespace in JavaScript source can directly impact semantics. Because of a technique called "semicolon insertion", any statement that is well formed when a newline is parsed will be considered complete (as if a semicolon were inserted just prior to the newline). Programmers are advised to supply statement terminating semicolons explicitly to enhance readability and lessen unintended effects of the automatic semicolon insertion.''Unnecessary whitespace'', whitespace characters that are not needed for correct syntax, can increase the amount of wasted space, and therefore the file size of .js files. Where file compression techniques that remove unnecessary whitespace are used, performance can be improved if the programmers have included these so-called 'optional' semicolons.Comment syntax is the same as in C plus plusC++. That is, either blocked comments as or "rest of line" comments delimited by "//" .

Variables - Variables are generally dynamically typed.Variables are defined by either just assigning them a value or by using the var statement.Variables declared outside of any function, and variables declared without the var statement, are in "global" scope, visible in the entire web page; variables declared inside a function with the var statement are local to that function.To pass variables from one page to another, a developer can set a HTTP cookiecookie or use a hidden frame or window in the background to store them. This feature is not a part of JavaScript language, rather, it is part of the browser document object model (DOM).

Arithmetic - Numbers in JavaScript are represented in binary as IEEE-754 Doubles, which provides an accuracy to about 14 or 15 significant digits jibbering.com - JavaScript FAQ 4.7. Because they are binary numbers, they do not always exactly represent decimal numbers, particularly fractions.This becomes an issue when formatting numbers for output (JavaScript has no methods to format number for output) For example: alert(0.94 - 0.01) // displays 0.9299999999999999 As a result, rounding should be used whenever numbers are jibbering.com - formatted for output. The toFixed() method is not part of the ECMAScript Language specification and is implemented differently in various environments, so it can't be relied upon.The '+' operator is operator overloadingoverloaded; it is used for string concatenation and arithmetic addition and also to convert strings to numbers (not to mention that it has special meaning when used in a regular expressionregular expression). // Concatenate 2 strings var a = 'This'; var b = ' and that'; alert(a + b); // displays 'This and that' // Add two numbers var x = 2; var y = 6; alert(x + y); // displays 8 // Adding a number and a string results in concatenation alert( x + '2'); // displays 22 // Convert a string to a number var z = '4'; // z is a string (the digit 4) alert( z + x) // displays 42 alert( +z + x) // displays 6

Objects - For convenience, Types are normally subdivided into ''primitives'' and ''objects''. Objects are entities that have an identity (they are only equal to themselves) and that map property names to values, ("slots" in prototype-based programming terminology). JavaScript objects are often mistakenly described as associative arrays or hashes, but they are neither.JavaScript has several kinds of built in objects, namely Array, Boolean datatypeBoolean, Date, Function (programming)Function, MathematicsMath, Number, Object (computer science)Object, regular expressionsRegExp and String#Mathematics and Computer ScienceString. Other objects are "host objects", defined not by the language but by the runtime environment. For example, in a browser, typical host objects belong to the Document Object ModelDOM (window (computing)window, form (document)form, links etc.).

Creating objects - Objects can be created using a declaration, an initialiser or a constructor function: // Declaration var anObject = new Object(); // Initialiser var objectA = ; var objectB = ; // Constructor (see below)

Constructors - Constructor functions are a way to create multiple instances or copies of the same object. JavaScript is a prototype-based programmingprototype based object-based language. This means that inheritance is between objects, not between classes (JavaScript has no classes). Objects inherit properties from their prototypes.Properties and methods can be added by the constructor, or they can be added and removed after the object has been created. To do this for all instances created by a single constructor function, the prototype property of the constructor is used to access the prototype object. Object deletion is not mandatory as the scripting engine will Garbage collection (computer science)garbage collect any variables that are no longer being referenced.Example: Manipulating an object // constructor function function MyObject(attributeA, attributeB) // create an Object obj = new MyObject('red', 1000); // access an attribute of obj alert(obj.attributeA); // access an attribute using square bracket notation alert(obj "attributeA"); // add an new property obj.attributeC = new Date(); // remove an property of obj delete obj.attributeB; // remove the whole Object delete obj;JavaScript supports inheritance hierarchies through prototyping. For example: function Base() this.BaseFunction = function() } function Derive() } Derive.prototype = new Base(); d = new Derive(); d.Override(); d.BaseFunction(); d.__proto__.Override(); // mozilla onlywill result in the display: Derive::Override() Base::BaseFunction() Base::Override() // mozilla onlyObject hierarchy may also be created without prototyping: function red() } function blue() this.someName = black // inherits black this.someName() // inherits black } function black () } function anyColour() this.anotherName = blue // inherits blue ( + black ) this.anotherName() // inherits blue ( + black ) this.anotherName = 'released 1973' // now it's a string - just for fun } var hugo = new anyColour() hugo.sayRed() hugo.sayBlue() hugo.sayBlack() hugo.sayPink() alert(hugo.anotherName)

Data structures - A typical data structure is the Array, which is a map from integers to values. In JavaScript, all objects can map from integers to values, butArrays are a special type of object that has extra behavior and methods specializing in integer indices (e.g., join, slice, !andpush). Arrays? have a length property that is guaranteed to always be largerthan the largest integer index used in the array. It is automatically updated if one creates a property with an even larger index. Writing a smaller number to the length property will remove larger indices. This length property is the only special feature of Arrays that distinguishes it from other objects.Elements of Arrays may be accessed using normal object property access notation: myArray1 myArray"1"These two are equivalent. It's not possible to use the "dot"-notation or strings with alternative representations of the number: myArray.1 (syntax error) myArray"01" (not the same as myArray1)Declaration of an array can use either an Array literal or the Array constructor: myArray = 0,1,,,4,5; (array with length 6 and 4 elements) myArray = new Array(0,1,2,3,4,5); (array with length 6 and 6 elements) myArray = new Array(365); (an empty array with length 365)Arrays are implemented so that only the elements defined use memory; they are "sparse arrays". Setting myArray10 = 'someThing' and myArray57 = 'somethingOther' only uses space for these two elements, just like any other object. The length of the array will still be reported as 58.Object literals allow one to define generic structured data: var myStructure = , age: 33, hobbies: - "chess", "jogging" };This syntax has its own defacto standard, JSON.

Control structures -

If … else - if (condition) else

?:Conditional Operator - Also known as the ternary operator condition ? statement : statement;

While loop - while (condition)

do while loopDo ... while - do while (condition);

For loop - for (initial-expression; condition; increment-expression)

For ... in loop - This loop goes through all enumerable properties of an object (or elements of an array). for (slot in object)

!Control_flow#Choice_based_on_s pecific_constant_values? Switch statement - switch (expression)

Functions - A function (programming)function is a block with a (possibly empty) argument list that is normally given a name.A function may give back a return value. function function-name(arg1, arg2, arg3) Example: Euclidean algorithmEuclid's original algorithm of finding the greatest common divisor. (This is a geometrical solution which subtracts the shorter segment from the longer): function gcd(segmentA, segmentB) The number of arguments given when calling a function may not necessarily correspond to the number of arguments in the function definition; a named argument in the definition that does not have a matching argument in the call will have the value !undefined.? Within the function the arguments may also be accessed through the !arguments? list (which is an object); this provides access to all arguments using indices (e.g. arguments0, arguments1, ... argumentsn), including those beyond the number of named arguments.Basic data types (strings, integers, ...) are passed by value wheras objects are passed by reference.

Functions as objects and anonymous functions - Functions are first-class objects in JavaScript. Every function is an instance of !Function1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10.fold(0, function (a, b) )results in the value: 55As functions are objects Javascript allows the definition of anonymous functions. function() The implicit object available within the function is the object itself it is assigned.In the example below the Point prototype object an alert method is assigned as defined by an anonymous function. function Point( x, y ) Point.prototype.alert = function() var pt = new Point( 1, 0 ); pt.alert();Methods can also be added within the constructor: function Point( x, y ) } var pt = new Point( 1, 0 ); pt.alert();In fact, there is no need to create a class first, as members can be added directly to a variable: var pt = } pt.alert();By default, all members of an object are public. There are no private or protected members (though these can be emulated). For detailed control of member access, ''getters'' and ''setters'' can be used (e.g. to create a read only property or a property that the value is generated): function Point( x, y ) !Point.prototype.__defineGetter __(? "dimensions", function() ); !Point.prototype.__defineSetter __(? "dimensions", function( dimensions ) ); var pt = new Point( 1, 0 ); window.alert( pt.dimensions.length ); pt.dimensions = 2,3;The functions '__defineSetter__' and '__defineGetter__' are implementation-specific and not part of the ECMAScript standard.

Error handling - Depending on the development environment debugging used to be difficult. Since errors in JavaScript only appear in run-time (i.e., there is no way to check for errors without executing the code), and since JavaScript is interpreted by the web browser as the page is viewed, it may be difficult to track the cause for errors. However nowadays the Gecko (layout engine)Gecko-based browsers come with a fairly good debugger (Venkman) and a DOM inspector. Newer versions of JavaScript (as used in Internet Explorer 5 and Netscape (web browser)Netscape 6) include a try ... catch error handling statement. Purloined from the Java_programming_language, this is intended to help with run-time errors but does so with mixed results.The try ... catch ... finally statement catches exception handlingexceptions resulting from an error or a throw statement. Its syntax is as follows: try catch(error) finally Initially, the statements within the try block execute. If an exception is thrown, the script's control flow immediately transfers to the statements in the catch block, with the exception available as the error argument. Otherwise the catch block is skipped. Once the catch block finishes, or the try block finishes with no exceptions thrown, then the statements in the finally block execute. This is generally used to free memory that may be lost if a fatal error occurs—though this is less of a concern in JavaScript. This figure summarizes the operation of a try...catch...finally statement: try catch (...) finally The finally part may be omitted: try catch (err)

Error Scope - Scripting languages are especially susceptible to bugs, and since JavaScript has varying implementations it is common to spend a great deal of time debugging. Each script block is parsed separately. On pages where JavaScript in script blocks is mixed with HTML, syntax errors can be identified more readily by keeping discrete functions in separate script blocks, or (for preference), using many small linked .js files. This way, a syntax error will not cause parsing/compiling to fail for the whole page, and can enable a dignified die.

Offspring - The programming language used in Macromedia Flash (called ActionScript) bears a resemblance to JavaScript. ActionScript has similar syntax as JavaScript, but the object model is dramatically different.JSON, or JavaScript Object Notation, is a general-purpose data interchange format.JavaScript OSA (JavaScript for OSA, or JSOSA), is a Apple MacintoshMacintosh scripting language based on the Mozilla 1.5 JavaScript implementation, SpiderMonkey. It is a freeware component made available by Late Night Software. Interaction with the operating system and with third-party applications is scripted via a ''MacOS'' object. Otherwise, the language is virtually identical to the core Mozilla implementation. It was offered as an alternative to the more commonly used AppleScript language.Of only historical interest now, ECMAScript was included in the VRML97 standard for scripting nodes of VRML scene description files.

See also -

AJILE

CorbaScript

LiveConnect

Dynamic HTML

JavaScript engine

Client-side JavaScript

Server-side JavaScript

List of JavaScript engines

References -

Nigel McFarlane: ''Rapid Application Development with Mozilla'', Prentice Hall Professional Technical References, ISBN 0131423436

David Flanagan, Paula Ferguson: ''JavaScript: The Definitive Guide'', O'Reilly & Associates, ISBN 0596000480

Danny Goodman, Scott Markel: ''JavaScript and DHTML Cookbook'', O'Reilly & Associates, ISBN 0596004672

Danny Goodman, Brendan Eich: ''JavaScript Bible'', Wiley, John & Sons, ISBN 0764533428

Andrew H. Watt, Jinjer L. Simon, Jonathan Watt: ''Teach Yourself JavaScript in 21 Days'', Pearson Education, ISBN 0672322978

Thomas A. Powell, Fritz Schneider: ''JavaScript: The Complete Reference'', McGraw-Hill Companies, ISBN 0072191279

Scott Duffy: ''How to do Everything with JavaScript'', Osborne, ISBN 0072228873

Andy Harris, Andrew Harris: ''JavaScript Programming'', Premier Press, ISBN 0761534105

Joe Burns, Andree S. Growney, Andree Growney: ''JavaScript Goodies'', Pearson Education, ISBN 0789726122

Gary B. Shelly, Thomas J. Cashman, William J. Dorin, Jeffrey Quasney: ''JavaScript: Complete Concepts and Techniques'', Course Technology, ISBN 0789562332

Nick Heinle, Richard Koman: ''Designing with JavaScript'', O'Reilly & Associates, ISBN 1565923006

Sham Bhangal, Tomasz Jankowski: ''Foundation Web Design: Essential HTML, JavaScript, CSS, PhotoShop, Fireworks, and Flash'', APress L. P., ISBN 1590591526

Emily Vander Veer: ''JavaScript For Dummies, 4th Edition'', Wiley, ISBN 0764576593

Specifications -

mozilla.org - Proposal for JavaScript 2.0

developer.mozilla.org - Reference for JavaScript 1.5

research.nihonsoft.org - Reference for JavaScript 1.4

research.nihonsoft.org - Reference for JavaScript 1.3

research.nihonsoft.org - Reference for JavaScript 1.2

wp.netscape.com - Guide for JavaScript 1.1 as used by Navigator 3.x

e-pla.net - Guide for JavaScript 1.0

External links -

developer.mozilla.org - Mozilla JavaScript Language Documentation

yourhtmlsource.com - HTML Source JavaScript Tutorials

remast.de - JavaScript functional programming Tutorial

w3schools.com - W3Schools.com JavaScript Tutorial

openjsan.org - JavaScript Archive Network

History -

wp.netscape.com - Innovators of the Net: Brendan Eich and JavaScript (Marc Andreesen, Netscape TechVision, 24 Jun 1998)

inventors.about.com - Brendan Eich and JavaScript (about.com)

weblogs.mozillazine.org - Brendan's Roadmap Updates: JavaScript 1, 2, and in between - the author's blog entryMajor programming languages small Category:JavaScript programming languageCategory:Curly bracket programming !languagesCategory:Domain-speci fic? programming !languagesCategory:Prototype-ba sed? programming languagesCategory:Object-based programming languagesCategory:Scripting languagesar:جافا !سكريبتbg:JavaScriptcs:Ja vaScriptde:JavaScriptes:JavaSc riptfr:JavaScriptko:자바스� ��립트hi:जावास्� ��्रिप्टia:JavaScr iptis:JavaScriptit:JavaScripth e:JavaScriptlv:JavaScriptlt:Ja vaScripthu:JavaScriptnl:JavaSc riptja:JavaScriptno:JavaScript pl:JavaScriptpt:JavaScriptru:J avaScriptsk:JavaScriptsl:JavaS criptfi:JavaScriptsv:JavaScrip tth:ภาษาจาวา� �คริปต์vi:JavaScri pttr:JavaScriptuk:Джава? !сценарійzh:JavaScript< /text>

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