jewelery

Jewellery (Jewelry in American spelling); consists of ornamental devices worn by persons, typically made with gems and precious metals. Costume jewelleryCostume jewellery is made from less valuable materials. However, jewellery can and has been made out of almost every kind of material. The word is derived from the word "jewel", which was anglicised from the Old French "jouel" in around the 13th century. Further tracing leads back to the Latin word "jocale", meaning plaything.Jewellery, particularly when made with precious materials, is generally considered valuable and desirable. Jewellery can consist of a variety of precious gemstones, coins or other precious items and is usually mounted in precious metals consisting of either gold, platinum or silver. Most gold alloys used in jewellery range from 10K to 21K gold, platinum alloys range from 900 (90% pure) to 950 (95.0% pure).Some cultures have a practice of keeping large amounts of wealth stored in the form of jewellery. Jewellery can also be symbolic, as in the case of ChristianityChristians wearing a crucifix in the form of jewellery, or, as is the case in many Western cultures, marriagemarried people wearing a wedding ring. Jewellery in various forms has been made and worn by both sexes in almost every (if not every) human culture, on every inhabited continent. Personal adornment seems to be a basic human tendency.

Types -

Timeline - This is a jewellery timeline from the first uses of metal in history to the Renaissance.

7000 BC - Uses of copper in Anatolia, Iran and Eastern Europe.

5000 BC - Uses of copper in Egypt.

4000 BC - Smelting technology for copper in Egypt and Iran.

3450 BC - Use of natural zinc/copper alloy in Egypt.

3500 BC - Gold makes an appearance in Egyptian jewellery.

3000 BC - Egypt and Iran makeing simple hammered iron beads

3000 BC - The Middle East employ semi-mass-production

2000 BC - First signs of the ''swagging'' technique

2600 BC - Beaded wires began to be used.

2500 BC - Egyptians using copper/lead alloys.

2500 BC - True iron production technology in Near East.

2500 BC - The intentional addition of silver and copper to gold.

2500 BC - Gold wires are characterised by seam lines that follow a spiral path along the wire.

2000 BC - Use of patterned punches

1500 BC - Earplugs and earrings become popular in Egypt.

1400 BC - Egypt Amarna period, using resin and mud for repoussé backing.

1400 BC - Deliberate addition of zinc to copper in Canaan.

1400 BC - Philistines have iron.

1400 BC - Very copper rich gold alloys popular in Egypt.

1000 BC - IranPersian sheet bronze work 0.05mm thick.

1000 BC - The start of true engraving.

900 BC - The Greeks have iron.

700 BC - World's oldest coinage in Lydia.

575 BC - In Greece, jewellery is still very rare.

500 BC - Hafted hammers were being used in some parts.

500 BC - Iron in use in Britain

400 BC - Greeks using Beeswax for filler in repoussé.

350 BC - Use of combined punches and dies of bronze.

325 BC - Animal or human-headed hoop earrings were popular.

300 BC - Diadem (personal wear)Diadems are first seen.

300 BC - Red Coral popular in Celtic jewellery.

50AD 50 - Start of the Ancient RomeRoman period, where addition of silver to gold becomes almost unknown.

100AD 100 - Sulphur fills hollow gold items throughout the Roman Empire.

150AD 150 - Tin rings found in Nubia

300AD 300 - Lead becomes more common in places.

400AD 400 - Pewter jewellery is made.

AD 400 - A shale die is found in Britain.

1500AD 1500 - The Renaissance

See also -

Artisan

Art NouveauArt Nouveau jewellery

Beauty

Costume jewellery

Fashion

Gemological Institute of America The Non-Profit Educational Institution of the Jewelry Industry.

Gemstone

GoldsmithGoldsmithing

Human physical appearance

Jewellery cleaning

SilversmithSilversmithing

Bibliography -

The Splendor of Ethnic Jewelry - France Borel, 1994.

A history of jewellery 1100-1870 - Joan Evans, 1989.

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Rubin Kennedy Designs
unique hand crafted sterling silver, 18 karat or platinum jewllery, set with fine diamonds and colourful gems from Vancouver Jewellery Designer Benée Rubin.
http://www.designsbybenee.com/

All Celtic Jewelry from Ireland, Irish Wedding Rings
Discount Jewelry from Ireland Quality Celtic Wedding Rings specialists in making beautiful and authentic Irish wedding rings and Celtic wedding bands. We make wedding rings that symbolize the holy sanctimony of marriage whilst expressing your rich history and proud heritage. Secure Online Shopping Basket Facilities.
http://www.allcelticjewelry.com/

the roman arch
unique jewelry and judaica desing by the Israeli artist Sharon Sadan on the Jerusalem Cardo
http://www.roman-arch.com/

Indian Saris - Jewelry - Textiles - Paintings & Other Beautiful Products
Indian - Saris - Jewelry - Indian Textiles - Paintings and other beautiful products from India. The beauty of india online. Saris, jewelry,books and more on indian-saris.com.
http://www.sarees.nl/

Sugold
Offers rings, apparel, gift items and corporate jewelry.
http://www.sugold.com/

Isle Of Gold
Handmade 14k Irish gold jewelry crafted in detail by one of Ireland's oldest goldsmiths.
http://www.isleofgold.com/

Jewellery4u
Range of rings, tie slides, cufflinks, lockets and pendants.
http://www.jewellery4u.co.uk/

Heartsmith Jewelry
Offers a large selection of heart shaped jewelry for women and children.
http://www.heartsmith.com/

Cirelli's Fine Jewelry
Specializing in custom made watches, and Black Hills Gold items.
http://www.cfjewelry.com/