Wikipedia
The word Jew (Hebrew language Hebrew: יהודי transliterationtransliterated: ''Yehudi'') is used in many ways, but generally refers to a follower of Judaism, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity; and often a combination of these attributes. This article discusses the term as describing an ethnic group; for a consideration of Jewish religion, please refer to Judaism.Jew Most Jews regard themselves as a people, members of a nation, descended from the ancient Israelites and converts who joined their religion at various times and places. The Hebrew name ''Yehudi'' (plural ''Yehudim'') came into being when the Kingdom of Israel was split between the northern Kingdom of Israel and the southern Kingdom of Judah. The term originally referred to the people of the southern kingdom, although the term ''Bnei Yisrael'' (Israelites) was still used for both groups. After the Assyrians conquered the northern kingdom leaving the southern kingdom as the only Israelite state, the word ''Yehudim'' gradually came to refer to people of the Jewish faith as a whole, rather than those specifically from Judah. The English word ''Jew'' is ultimately derived from ''Yehudi'' (see Jew#EtymologyEtymology). Its first use in the TanakhBible to refer to the Jewish people as a whole is in the Book of Esther. In modern usage, Jews include both those Jews actively practicing Judaism, and those Jews who, while not practicing Judaism as a religion, still identify themselves as Jews by virtue of their family's Jewish heritage and their own cultural identification.''Usage note: The word "Jew" is a noun. Its use as an adjective (e.g. "Jew lawyer") is widely considered offensive; "Jewish" is strongly preferred. Its use as a verb (e.g. "to jew someone") is also considered offensive. Some sources, such as the American Heritage Dictionary, suggest that phrases like "Jewish person" may be offensive if pointedly used to avoid the word "Jew".''
Etymology - Main article: Etymology of the word Jew''There are different views as to the origin of the English language word ''Jew''. The most common view is that the Middle English word ''Jew'' is from the Old French ''giu'', earlier ''juieu'', from the Latin ''iudeus'' from the Greek languageGreek ''Ioudaios'' (Ιουδαίος). The Latin simply means ''Judaean'', from the land of ''JudeaJudaea''. The Hebrew for Jew, יהודי , is pronounced ye-hoo-DEE. The Hebrew letter Yodh (or Yud), י, used as a 'y' in the Hebrew language (as in the word ye-hoo-DEE), becomes a 'j' in languages using the Latin-based alphabet when the Yodh is used as a consonant rather than as a vowel. Therefore, a rough transliteration of יהודי in English would be ''Jew''.
Who is a Jew? - Main article: Who is a Jew?''Judaism shares some of the characteristics of a nation, an ethnicity, a religion, and a culture, making the definition of who is a Jew vary slightly depending on whether a religious or national approach to identity is used. For discussions of the religious views on who is a Jew and how these views differ from each other, please see Who is a Jew?. Generally, in modern secular usage, Jews include three groups: people who practice Judaism and have a Jewish ethnic background (sometimes including those who do not have strictly matrilineal descent), people without Jewish parents who have converted to Judaism; and those Jews who, while not practicing Judaism as a religion, still identify themselves as Jewish by virtue of their family's Jewish descent and their own cultural and historical identification with the Jewish people.Historical definitions of Jewish identity have traditionally been based on HalakhaHalakhic definitions of matrilineal descent, and halachic conversions. Historical definitions of who is a Jew date back to the codification of the oral traditon into the TalmudBabylonian Talmud. Biblical interpertations of sections in the Tanach, such as Deuteronomy 7:1-5, by learned Jewish sages, is used as a warning against intermarriage between of Jews and non Jews because "the - non-Jewish male spouse will cause your child to turn away from Me and they will worship the gods of others." Leviticus 24:10 speaks of the son in a marriage between a Hebrew woman and an Egyptian man to be "of the community of Israel.", which contrasts with Ezra 10:2-3, where Israelites returning from Egypt, vowed to put aside their gentile wives and their children. Since the Haskalah, these halakhic interpertations of Jewish identity have been challenged.
Jewish culture - Main articles: Secular Jewish culture, Judaism''Judaism guides its adherents in both practice and belief, and has been called not only a religion, but also a "way of life," which has made drawing a clear distinction between Judaism, Jewish culture, and Jewish nationality rather difficult. In many times and places, such as in the ancient Hellenic world, in Europe before and after the !The_Age_of_Enlightenment Enlightenment (see Haskalah), and in contemporary United States and Israel, cultural phenomena have developed that are in some sense characteristically Jewish without being at all specifically religious. Some factors in this come from within Judaism, others from the interaction of Jews with others around them, others from the inner social and cultural dynamics of the community, as opposed to religion itself.
Ethnic divisions - Main article: Jewish ethnic divisions''The most commonly used terms to describe ethnic divisions among Jews presently are: ''Ashkenazi'' (meaning "GermanyGerman" in Hebrew, denoting the Central European base of Jewry); and ''Sephardi'' (meaning "SpainSpanish" or "Iberian peninsulaIberia" in Hebrew, denoting their Spanish, Portuguese and North African location). They refer to both religious and ethnic divisions. Other Jewish ethnic groups include Mizrahi Jews (a term overlapping ''Sephardi'', but emphasizing North African and Middle Eastern rather than Spanish history, and including the Maghrebim); Teimanim (Yemenite and Omani Jews); and such smaller groups as the Gruzim and Juhurim from the Caucasus, the Bene Israel, Bnei Menashe, Cochin JewsCochin and Telugu JewsTelugu Jews in IndiaJews of India, the Romaniotes of Greece, the Italkim (Bené Roma) of Italy, various African Jews (most notably the Beta Israel or Ethiopian Jews), the Bukharan Jews of Central Asia, and the Persian Jews of Iran.
Population - Main article: Jewish population''Prior to World War II the world population of Jews was approximately 18 million. The Holocaust reduced this number to approximately 12 million. Today, there are an estimated 13 million refjppistudy to 14.6 millionrefjewsbycountrypage Jews worldwide in over 134 countries.
Significant geographic populations - Main article: Jews by country''Please note that these populations represent low-end estimates of the worldwide Jewish population, accounting for around 0.2% of the World populationworld's population. Higher estimates place the worldwide Jewish population at over 14.5 million. † = This includes the Russian Federation, all former Eastern Bloc nations, and any other nations that have formed within the areas controlled by the former Soviet Union.
State of Israel - Main article: Israel'' (First Prime Minister of Israel) publicly pronouncing the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, May 14, 1948 (Shown standing between the two banners)]]Israel, the Jewish nation-state, is the only country in which Jews make up a majority of the citizens, although the United States has a larger number of Jews. It was established as an independent democratic state on May 14, 1948. Of the 120 members in its parliament, the Knesset, 9 members are Israeli Arabs and 2 are Israeli Druses. At the time of its independence, approximately 600,000 Jews lived in Israel. Since then, the country's Jewish population has increased by about one million over each decade as more immigrants arrived and more Israelis were born, resulting in one of the most significant global Jewish population shifts in over 2,000 years.All the Arab Israeli Wars have not slowed Israel's growth. Israel opened its doors to the the HolocaustHolocaust survivors. It has absorbed a majority of the Sephardic JewsSephardic and Mizrahi Jews from the IslamIslamic countries. It has taken in hundreds of thousands of Jews from the former Soviet UnionUSSR, and has airlifted tens of thousands of Ethiopian Jewsref!www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.8 56? to Israel. In the past decade nearly a million immigrants came to Israel from the former Soviet Union. Many Jews who emigrated to Israel have moved elsewhere, known as yerida ("descent" from - the Holy Land), due to its economic problems or due to disillusionment with political conditions and the continuing Israeli-Palestinian conflict
Diaspora (outside of Israel) - Main article: Jewish diaspora''The waves of immigration to the United States at the turn of the 19th century, massacre of European Jewry during the Holocaust, and the foundation of the state of Israel (and subsequent Jewish exodus from Arab lands) all resulted in substantial shifts in the population centers of world Jewry during the 20th century. greeting card from the early 1900s, Russian Jews, packs in hand, gaze at the American relatives beckoning them to the United States. Over two million Jews would flee the pogroms of the Russian Empire to the safety of the US from 1881-1924.]]Currently, the largest Jewish community in the world is located in the United States, with around 5.6 million Jews. Elsewhere in the Americas, there are also large Jewish populations in Canada and Argentina, and smaller populations in Brazil, Mexico , Uruguay, Venezuela, Chile, and several other countries (see History of the Jews in Latin America).Western Europe's largest Jewish community can be found in France, home to 600,000 Jews, the majority of whom are immigrants or refugees from North African Arab countries such as Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia (or their descendants). There are over 265,000 Jews in the United Kingdom. In East EuropeEastern Europe, there are anywhere from 500,000 to over two million Jews living in Russia, Ukraine, Hungary, Belarus and the other areas once dominated by the Soviet Union, but exact figures are difficult to establish. The fastest-growing Jewish community in the world, outside of Israel, is the one in Germany, especially in Berlin, its capital. Tens of thousands of Jews from the former Eastern Bloc have settled in Germany since the fall of the Berlin Wall. The Arab countries of North Africa and the Middle East were home to around 900,000 Jews in 1945. Systematic persecution after the founding of Israel caused almost all of these Jews to flee to Israel, North America, and Europe in the 1950s. Today, around 8,000 Jews remain in Arab nations. Iran is home to around 25,000 Jews, down from a population of 100,000 Jews before the 1979 revolution. After the revolution some of the Iranian Jews emigrated to Israel or Europe but most of them emigrated (with their non-Jewish Iranian compatriots) to the United States (especially Los Angeles).Outside of Europe, Asia and the Americas, significant Jewish populations exist in Australia and South Africa.
Population changes: Assimilation - Since at least the time of the ancient Greeks, a proportion of Jews have assimilated into the wider non-Jewish society around them, by either choice or force, ceasing to practice Judaism and losing their Jewish identity. Some Jewish communities, for example the Kaifeng Jews of China, have disappeared entirely, but assimilation has remained relatively low over much of the past millenium, as Jews were often not allowed to integrate with the wider communities in which they lived. The advent of the Jewish Enlightenment (see Haskalah) of the 1700s and the subsequent emancipation of the Jewish populations of Europe and America in the 1800s, changed the situation, allowing Jews to increasingly participate in, and become part of, secular society. The result has been a growing trend of assimilation, as Jews marry non-Jewish spouses and stop participating in the Jewish community. Rates of interreligious marriage vary widely: In the United States they are just under 50%refwww.ujc.org.857 , in the United Kingdom around 50%, and in Australia and Mexico as low as 10%ref!www.worldjewishcongress.org.85 8? ref!www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.8 59? , and in France they may be as high as 75%. In the United States, only about a third of children from intermarriages affiliate themselves with Jewish practice. Additionally, since non-religious Jews generally tend to marry later and have fewer children than the general population, the Jewish community in many countries is aging. The result is that most countries in the Diaspora have steady or slightly declining Jewish populations as Jews continue to assimilate into the countries in which they live.
Population changes: Wars against the Jews - that they were required to wear) being killed by Christian knights. French Bible illustration from 1250.]]Throughout history, many rulers, empires and nations have oppressed their Jewish populations, or sought to eliminate them entirely. Methods employed have ranged from expulsion to outright genocide; within nations, often the threat of these extreme methods was sufficient to silence dissent. Some examples in the history of anti-Semitism are: the Great Jewish Revolt against the Roman Empire; the First Crusade which resulted in the massacre of Jews; the Spanish Inquisition led by Torquamada and the ''Auto de fe'' against the Marrano Jews; the Bohdan Chmielnicki Cossack massacres in Ukraine; the Pogroms backed by the Russian Tsar Tsars; as well as expulsions from Spain, England, France, Germany, and other countries in which the Jews had settled. The persecution culminated in Adolf Hitler's final solutionFinal Solution which led to the Holocaust, and the slaughter of approximately 6 million Jews from 1939 to 1945.
Population changes: Growth - Israel is the only country with a consistently growing Jewish population due to natural population increase, though the Jewish populations of other countries in Europe and North America have recently increased due to immigration. In the Diaspora, in almost every country the Jewish population in general is either declining or steady, but Orthodox JudaismOrthodox and Haredi Jewish communities, whose members often shun birth control for religious reasons, have experienced rapid population growth, with rates near 4% per year for Haredi Jews in Israel, and similar rates in other countries.Orthodox and Conservative Judaism discourage proselytization to non-Jews, but many Jewish groups have tried to reach out to the assimilated Jewish communities of the Diaspora in order to increase the number of Jews. Additionally, while in principle Reform Judaism favors seeking new members for the faith, this position has not translated into active proselytism, instead taking the form of an effort to reach out to non-Jewish spouses of intermarried couples. There is also a trend of Orthodox movements pursuing secular Jews in order to give them a stronger Jewish identity so there is less chance of intermarriage. As a result of the efforts by these and other Jewish groups over the past twenty-five years, there has been a trend of secular Jews becoming more religiously observant, known as the ''Baal Teshuva'' movement, though the demographic implications of the trend are unknown. Additionally, there is also a growing movement of Jews by Choice by gentiles who make the decision to head in the direction of becoming Jews.
Jewish languages - Main article: Jewish languages''Hebrew languageHebrew is the liturgical language of Judaism (termed ''lashon ha-kodesh'', "the holy tongue"), and is the language of the State of Israel. It was revived by Eliezer ben YehudaBen Yehuda, who arrived in Palestine in 1881 at a time when no one spoke the Hebrew language. Diaspora Jews (outside of Israel) today speak the local languages of their respective countries. Yiddish languageYiddish is the historic language of many Ashkenazi Jews, and Ladino languageLadino of many Sephardic Jews.
History of the Jews - Main articles: Jewish history, Timeline of Jewish history''See also: Schisms among the JewsHistorical Schisms among the Jews''
Jews and migrations - Throughout Jewish history, Jews have repeatedly been directly or indirectly expelled from both their original homeland, and the areas in which they have resided. This experience as both immigrateimmigrants and Emigrationemigrants (see: Jewish refugees) have shaped Jewish identity and religious practice in many ways. An incomplete list of such migrations includes: The patriarch Abraham was a migrant to the land of Canaan from UrUr of the ChaldeaChaldees.The Children of Israel experienced the Exodus (meaning "departure" or "going forth" in Greek) from ancient Egypt, as recorded in the Book of Exodus.The Kingdom of Israel was sent into permanent exile and scattered all over the world by Assyria.The Kingdom of Judah was exiled first by Babylonia and then by Roman EmpireRome.The 2,000 year dispersion of the Jewish diaspora beginning under the Roman Empire, as Jews were spread throughout the Roman world and, driven from land to land, and settled wherever they could live freely enough to practice their religion. Over the course of the diaspora the center of Jewish life moved from History of the Jews in IraqBabylonia to Golden age of Jewish culture in SpainSpain to History of the Jews in PolandPoland to Jewish AmericanUnited States and to Israel.Many expulsions during the Middle Ages and Enlightenment in Europe, including: 1290, 16,000 Jews were expelled from England; in 1396, 100,000 from France; in 1421 thousands were expelled from Austria. Many of these Jews settled in Eastern Europe, especially Poland.Following the Spanish Inquisition in 1492, the Spanish population of around 200,000 Sephardic Jews were expelled by the Spanish crown and Catholic church, followed by expulsions in 1493 in Sicily (37,000 Jews) and Portugal in 1496. The expelled Jews fled mainly to the Ottoman Empire, the Netherlands, and North Africa, others migrating to South EuropeSouthern Europe and the Middle East.During the 19th century, France's policies of equal citizenship regardless of religion led to the immigration of Jews (especially from Eastern and Central Europe), which was encouraged by Napoleon Bonaparte.The arrival of millions of Jews in the New World, including immigration of over 1,000,000 Eastern European Jews to the United States from 1890-1925, see History of the Jews in the United States.The Pogroms in Eastern Europe, the rise of modern Anti-Semitism, the Holocaust and the rise of Arab nationalism all served to fuel the movements and migrations of huge segments of Jewry from land to land and continent to continent, until they have now arrived back in large numbers at their original historical homeland in Israel.The Iranian RevolutionIslamic Revolution of Iran, forced many Persian JewsIranian Jews to flee Iran. Most found refuge in the US (particularly Los Angeles, CA) and Israel. Smaller communities of Persian Jews exist in Canada and Western Europe.
Kingdoms of Israel and Judah - See related article History of ancient Israel and Judah''.Jews descend mostly from the ancient Israelites (also known as Hebrews), who settled in the Land of Israel. The Israelites traced their common lineage to the Biblebiblical patriarch Abraham through Isaac and Jacob. A monarchykingdom was established under Saul the KingSaul and continued under King David and Solomon. King David conquered Jerusalem (first a Canaanite, then a Jebusite town) and made it his capital. After Solomon's reign the nation split into two kingdoms, the Kingdom of Israel (in the north) and the Kingdom of Judah (in the south). The Kingdom of Israel was conquered by the Assyrian ruler Shalmaneser V in the 8th century BC and spread all over the Assyrian empire, where they were assimilated into other cultures and become known as the Ten Lost Tribes. The Kingdom of Judah continued as an independent state until it was conquered by a Babylonian army in the early 6th century BC, destroying the First Temple that was at the centre of Jewish worship. The Judean elite was exiled to Babylonia, but later at least a part of them returned to their homeland after the subsequent conquest of Babylonia by the Persians seventy years later, a period known as the Babylonian Captivity. A new Second Temple was constructed, and old religious practices were resumed.
Persian, Greek, and Roman rule - See related article Jewish-Roman wars''.The Seleucid Kingdom, which arose after the Persians were defeated by Alexander the Great, sought to introduce Greek culture into the Persian world. When the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes, supported by HellenismHellenized Jews (those who had adopted Greek culture), attempted to convert the Jewish Temple to a temple of Zeus, the non-Hellenized Jews revolted under the leadership of the Maccabees and rededicated the Temple to the Jewish God (hence the origins of ''Hanukkah'') and created an independent Jewish kingdom known as the Hasmonaean Kingdom which lasted from 165 BC165 BCE to 63 BC63 BCE, when the kingdom came under influence of the Roman Empire. During the early part of Roman rule, the Hasmonaeans remained in power, until the family was annihilated by Herod the Great. Herod came from a wealthy EdomIdumean family and became a very successful client-king under the Romans. He significantly expanded the Temple in Jerusalem.Upon his death in 4 BC4 BCE the Romans directly ruled Judea and there were frequent changes of policies by conflicting and empire-building Caesar (title)Caesars, generals, governors, and consuls who often acted cruelly or to maximize their own wealth and power. Rome's attitudes swung from tolerance to hostility against its Jewish subjects, who had since moved throughout the Empire. The Romans, worshipping a Roman religionlarge pantheon, could not readily accommodate the exclusive monotheism of Judaism, and the religious Jews could not accept Roman polytheism. After a famine and riots in 6666 CE, the Judeans began to revolt against their Roman rulers. The revolt was smashed by the Roman emperorRoman emperors Vespasian and Titus Flavius. In Rome the Arch of Titus still stands, showing enslaved Judeans and a ''menorah'' being brought to Rome. It is customary for Jews not to walk through this arch. depicts enslaved Judeans and objects from the Temple being brought to Rome.]]The Romans all but destroyed Jerusalem; only a single "Western Wall" of the Second Temple remained. After the end of this first revolt, the Judeans continued to live in their land in significant numbers, and were allowed to practice their religion. In the second century the Roman Emperor Hadrian began to rebuild Jerusalem as a pagan city while restricting some Jewish practices. Angry at this affront, the Judeans again revolted led by Bar Kokhba's revoltSimon Bar Kokhba. Hadrian responded with overwhelming force, putting down the revolution and killing as many as half a million Jews. After the Roman Legions prevailed in 135, Jews were not allowed to enter the city of Jerusalem and most Jewish worship was forbidden by Rome. Following the destruction of Jerusalem and the expulsion of the Jews, Jewish worship stopped being centrally organized around the Temple, and instead was rebuilt around rabbis who acted as teachers and leaders of individual communities. No new books were added to the Jewish Bible after the Roman period, instead major efforts went into interpreting and developing the Halakhah, or oral law, and writing down these traditions in the Talmud, the key work on the interepretation of Jewish law, written during the first to fifth centuries CE.
Beginning of the Diaspora - ''See main article: Jewish diaspora''Though Jews had settled outside of Israel since the time of the Babylonians, the results of the Roman response to the Jewish revolt shifted the center of Jewish life from its ancient home to the diaspora. While some Jews remained in Judea, renamed Palestine by the Romans, some Jews were sold into slavery, while others became citizens of other parts of the Roman Empire. This is the traditional explanation to the Jewish diaspora, almost universally accepted by past and present rabbinical or Talmudical scholars, who believe that Jews are almost exclusively biological descendants of the Judean exiles, a belief backed up at least partially by DNA evidence. Some secular historians speculate that a majority of the Jews in Antiquity were most likely descendants of converts in the cities of the Graeco-Roman world, especially in Alexandria and Asia Minor. They were only affected by the diaspora in its spiritual sense and by the sense of loss and homelessness which became a cornerstone of the Jewish creed, much supported by persecutions in various parts of the world. Any such policy of conversion, which spread the Jewish religion throughout Hellenistic civilization, seems to have ended with the wars against the Romans and the following reconstruction of Jewish values for the post-Temple era.During the first few hundred years of the Diaspora, the most important Jewish communities were in History of the Jews in IraqBabylonia, where the Talmud was written, and where relatively tolerant regimes allowed the Jews freedom. The situation was worse in the Byzantine Empire which treated the Jews much more harshly, refusing to allow them to hold office or build places of worship. The conquest of much of the Byzantine Empire and Babylonia by Islamic armies generally improved the life of the Jews, though they were still considered second-class citizens. In response to these Islamic conquests, the First Crusade of 1096 attempted to reconquer Jerusalem, resulting in the destruction of many of the remaining Jewish communities in the area.
Middle Ages: Europe - Main article: Jews in the Middle Ages'' reading the Passover story in Golden age of Jewish culture in SpainMoorish Spain, from a 14th century Spanish Haggadah.]]Jews settled in Europe during the time of the Roman Empire, but the rise of the Catholic Church resulted in frequent expulsions and persecutions. The Crusades routinely attacked Jewish communities, and increasingly harsh laws restricted them from most economic activity and land ownership, leaving open only moneylending and a few other trades. Jews were subject to explusions from England, France, and the Holy Roman Empire throughout the Middle Ages, with most of the population moving to Eastern Europe and especially Poland, History of the Jews in Polandwhich was uniquely tolerant of the Jews through the 1700s. The final mass expulsion of the Jews, and the largest, occurred after the Christian conquest of Spain in 1492 (see History of the Jews in Spain). Even after the end of the expulsions in the 17th century, individual conditions varied from country to country and time to time, but, as rule, Jews in Western Europe generally were forced, by decree or by informal pressure, to live in highly segregated ghettos and shtetls.
Middle Ages: Islamic Europe and North Africa - Main article: Islam and Judaism''During the Middle Ages, Jews in Islamic lands generally had more rights than under Christian rule, with a Golden age of Jewish culture in SpainGolden Age of coexistence in Islamic Spain from about 900 to 1200, when Spain became the center of the richest, most populous, and most influential Jewish community of the time. The rise of more radical Muslim regimes, such as that of the Almohades ended this period by the thirteenth century, and Jews were soon Alhambra decreeexpelled from Spain. Many of these Jews found refuge in the History of the Jews in TurkeyOttoman Empire, which remained tolerant of its Jewish population for much of its history.
Enlightenment and emancipation - Main article: Haskalah''During the Age of Enlightenment, significant changes occurred within the Jewish community. The Haskalah movement paralleled the wider Enlightenment, as Jews began in the 1700s to campaign for emancipation from restrictive laws and integration into the wider European society. Secular and scientific education was added to the traditional religious instruction received by students, and interest in a national Jewish identity, including a revival in the study of Jewish history and Hebrew, started to grow. the Jews, represented by the woman with the menorah, and 1804 French print.]]The Haskalah movement influenced the birth of all the modern Jewish denominations, and planted the seeds of Zionism. At the same time, it contributed to encouraging cultural assimilation into the countries in which Jews resided. At around the same time another movement was born, one preaching almost the opposite of Haskalah, Hasidic Judaism. Hasidic Judiasm began in the 1700s by Israel ben Eliezer, the Baal Shem Tov, and quickly gained a following with its exuberant, mystical approach to religion. These two movements, and the traditional orthodox approach to Judaism from which they spring, formed the basis for the modern divisions within Jewish observance.At the same time, the outside world was changing. France was the first country to Jewish Emancipationemancipate its Jewish population in 1796, granting them equal rights under the law. Napoleon further spread emancipation, inviting Jews to leave the Ghetto#Jewish ghettos in EuropeJewish ghettos in Europe and seek refuge in the newly created tolerant political regimes (see Napoleon and the Jews). By the mid-19th century, almost all Western European countries had Jewish Emancipationemancipated their Jewish populations, with the notable exception of the Papal States, but persecution continued in Eastern Europe, including massive pogroms at the end of the 19th century throughout the Pale of Settlement. The persistance of anti-semitism, both violently in the east and socially in the west, led to a number of Jewish political movements, culminating in Zionism.
Zionism and Immigration - Many of the newly secular Jews who had embraced Haskalah found themselves deeply troubled by the continuing virulent anti-semitism of the late 1800s, especially the massive pogroms of the 1880s in Russia and the Dreyfus Affair, which occurred in France in 1894, a country many Jews had previously thought of as particularly accepting. Many Jews in Eastern Europe embraced socialism as a potential escape from persecution, but another group, the Zionists, led by Theodor Herzl, viewed the only solution as the creation of a Jewish state. Initially, religious Jews opposed Zionism, as did many secular Jews, who saw integration or other social movements as more promising. The chain of events between 1881 and 1945, however, beginning with waves of anti-Semitic pogroms in Russia and the Russian-controlled areas of Poland, and culminating in the Holocaust, converted the great majority of surviving Jews to the belief that a Jewish homeland was an urgent necessity, particularly given the large population of disenfranchised Jewish refugees after World War II.In addition to responding politically, during the late 19th century, Jews began to flee the persecutions of Eastern Europe in large numbers, mostly by heading to the United States, but also to Canada and Western Europe. By 1924, almost two million Jews had emigrated to the US alone, creating a large community in a nation relatively free of the persecutions of rising European anti-Semitism (see History of the Jews in the United States).
The Holocaust - Main article: Holocaust''This anti-Semitism reached its most destructive form in the policies of Nazi Germany, which made the destruction of the Jews a priority, culminating in the killing of approximately six million Jews during the Holocaust from 1941 to 1945. Originally, the Nazis used death squads, the Einsatzgruppen, to conduct massive open-air killings of Jews in territory they conquered. By 1942, the Nazi leadership decided to implement the Final Solution, the genocide of all of the Jews of Europe, and increase the pace of the Holocaust by establishing extermination camps specifically to kill Jews. Millions of Jews who had been confined to diseased and massively overcrowded Ghettos were transported to these extermination camps"Death-camps" where they were either gassed or shot. Many Jews tried to escape Europe before or during Holocaust, but were unable to find refuge, giving new urgency to the Zionist goal of establishing a Jewish homeland.
Israel - In 1948, the Jewish state of Israel was founded, creating the first Jewish nation since the Roman destruction of Jerusalem. After a series of wars with neighboring Arab countries, almost all of the 900,000 Jews previously living in North Africa and the Middle East fled to the Jewish state, joining an increasing number of immigrants from post-War Europe. By the end of the 20th century, Jewish population centers had shifted dramatically, with the United States and Israel being the centers of Jewish secular and religious life.
Persecution - Main article: Persecution of Jews''Related articles: Anti-Semitism, History of anti-Semitism, Modern anti-Semitism''
Jewish leadership - Main article: Jewish leadership''There is no single governing body for the Jewish community, nor a single authority with responsibility for religious doctrine. Instead, a variety of secular and religious institutions at the local, national, and international levels lead various parts of the Jewish community on a variety of issues.
Famous Jews - Main articles: List of Jews, List of Jews by country''Jews have made contributions in a broad range of human endeavors, including the sciences, arts, politics, business, etc.
See also - A full guide to topics related to the Jews is available from the template:Jewguide at the top of this page. Additional topics of interest include: Judaism, for information on the Jewish religion Europe* History of the Jews in England* History of the Jews in France* History of the Jews in Germany* History of the Jews in Hungary* History of the Jews in Ireland* History of the Jews in Italy* History of the Jews in the Netherlands* History of the Jews in Poland* History of the Jews in Russia and Soviet Union* History of the Jews in SpainAmericas* History of the Jews in Canada* History of the Jews in the United States and Jewish American* History of the Jews in Latin AmericaWestern Asia and North Africa* History of the Jews in Turkey* History of the Jews in Tunisia* History of the Jews in Algeria* History of the Jews in Morocco* History of the Jews in Egypt* History of the Jews in Iraq* Persian JewsHistory of the Jews in Iran* TeimanimHistory of the Jews in Yemen
External links -
Maps - routledge.com - Map collection related to Jewish history and culture from Routledge Publishing
Photos - ZionOzeri.com - Zion Ozeri Photography - photos of many Jewish communities worldwide (requires Macromedia Flash player)
General - encarta.msn.com - Encarta Encyclopedia entry on Jewsjewishvirtuallibrary.org - Jewish Virtual Library - collection of many articles on many topics, including Jewish historyjewishencyclopedia.com - 1906 Jewish Encyclopediajta.org - Jewish Telegraphic Agency - news bureau reporting on contemporary Jewish news and issuesbook-lover.com - Legends of the Jews - online text of classic work by Louis Ginzberg
Major Jewish secular organizations - adl.org - Anti-Defamation Leaguebnaibrith.org - B'nai B'rith Internationalajc.org - American Jewish Committeeujc.org - United Jewish Communities: The Federations of North Americaajcongress.org - American Jewish Congressscience.co.il - Jewish Student Organizations
Global Jewish communities - haruth.com - Jewish Communities of the World - large list of Jewish communities in many countriesujc.org - List of international Jewish organizationsuk-org-bod.supplehost.org - Board of Deputies of British Jewscjc.ca - Canadian Jewish Congress - Jewish advocacy organisation representing Canadian Jewryfjc.ru - Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS (Russia)col.fr - Communaute Online: Franceharuth.com - Jewish Argentinamindspring.com - African Jews - also contains information about various small Jewish communities elsewhere!chinese-school.netfirms.com - Chinese Jews - history of Jews in Chinabh.org.il - The Database of Jewish Communitieschabad.org - Global Chabad-Lubavitch Centers and Institutions Directory
Zionist institutions - wzo.org.il - World Zionist Organizationzoa.org - Zionist Organization of Americahadassah.org - Hadassah - Women's Zionist Organization, also operates a number of prominent hospitalshabonimdror.org - Habonim Dror - Union of Progressive Zionists
Israeli institutions - jafi.org.il - The Jewish Agencyyad-vashem.org.il - Yad VaShem - The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authorityimj.org.il - Israel Museumbh.org.il - Beth Hatefutsoth - The Nahum Goldmann Museum of the Jewish Diaspora
Lists of notable Jews - science.co.il - Jewish Nobel Prize Laureatesjinfo.org - Prominent Jewish Scientific and Cultural Figures
Religious Links - ''For more links about Judaism and Jewish religious organizations please see: Judaism#External linksLinks in the Judaism article Orthodox: ou.org - The Orthodox Union Conservative: uscj.org - United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism Karaite: karaite-korner.org - The Karaite Korner Reform: urj.org - Union for Reform Judaism Reconstructionist: jrf.org - Jewish Reconstructionist Federation Chabad: chabad.org - Chabad
Notes - # notejppistudy note_labeljppistudy1a note_labeljppistudy1b note_labeljppistudy1c note_labeljppistudy1d Data based on a jpppi.org.il - study by ''Jewish People Policy Institute'' (JPPI). See ''jpost.com - Jewish people near zero growth'' by Tovah Lazaroff, Jerusalem Post, June 24, 2004.# notejewsbycountrypage See, for example Jews by country page for higher estimates.# notecentralstatistics Data based on a study by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. See ''cbs.gov.il'' (Updated to June 2005).# note1993russiancensus 1993 Russian census. Some estimates are much higher, the US State Department Religious Freedom Report state.gov estimates the number of Jews in Russia alone at 600,000 to 1 million.# notejewishvirtuallibrary note_labeljewishvirtuallibrary2a note_labeljewishvirtuallibrary2b note_labeljewishvirtuallibrary2c note_labeljewishvirtuallibrary2d note_labeljewishvirtuallibrary2e us-israel.org - Jewish Virtual Library, jewfaq.org - JewFAQ# note!www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.8 56? airlifted tens of thousands of Ethiopian Jews !url=http://www.jewishvirtualli brary.org/jsource/Judaism/ejhi st.html#operation1/? date= July 7 year= 2005 # notewww.ujc.org.857 NJPS: Intermarriage: Defining and Calculating Intermarriage !url=http://www.ujc.org/content _display.html?ArticleID=83910? date= July 7 year= 2005 # note!www.worldjewishcongress.org.85 8? World Jewish Congress Online !url=http://www.worldjewishcong ress.org/communities/world/asi a-oceania/australia.cfm? date= July 7 year= 2005 # note!www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.8 59? The Virtual Jewish History Tour - Mexico !url=http://www.jewishvirtualli brary.org/jsource/vjw/Mexico.h tml? date= July 7 year= 2005 Category:JewsJewCategory:Ethnic groups of the Middle East!Jewaf:Joodbg:Евреиbs:Jevr ejica:Jueucs:Židcy:Iddewda:J dede:Judenes:Judíoet:Juudide o:Judojfi:Juutalaisetfr:Juifit :Ebreiko:유대인id:Yahudihe: יהודיםmk:Евреиnl:Jo denja:ユダヤ人no:Jøderpl: Żydzi? !(naród)ro:Evreiru:Евреиs imple:Jewsl:Judjesv:Judartl:Hu diyoth:ยิวtr:Museviuk:І удеїzh:犹太人 DEBUG REDIRECT (jew)
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