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a constitutional monarchy in southeastern Asia on Borneo and the Malay Peninsula achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1957
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The Federation of Malaysia (Malay language Malay: ''Persekutuan Malaysia''; Simplified Chinese: 马来西亚; Pinyin: Mǎláixīyà; Tamil languageTamil: மலேசியா), or simply known as Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia. It consists of two geographical regions divided by the South China Sea:West Malaysia or Peninsular Malaysia on the Malay Peninsula shares a land border on the north with Thailand and is connected by the Johor Causeway and the Tuas Second Link on the south with Singapore.East Malaysia, consisting of the federal territory of Labuan and the states of Sabah and Sarawak, occupies the northern part of the island of Borneo, bordering Indonesia and the Sultanate of Brunei.
History - mainHistory of Malaysia The Malay Peninsula developed as a major Southeast Asian commercial centre related to China. Ptolemy showed it on his early map with a label that translates as "''Golden Chersonese''", the Straits of Malacca as "''Sinus Sabaricus''".The earliest recorded Malay kingdoms grew from coastal city-ports established in the 10th century AD. These include Langkasuka and Lembah Bujang in Kedah, as well as Beruas and Gangga Negara in Perak and Pan Pan in Kelantan. It is thought that originally these were Hindu or Buddhist nations. Islam arrived in the 14th century in Terengganu.In the early part of the 15th century, the Sultanate of Malacca was established under a dynasty which was started by a prince by the name of Parameswara from Palembang who fled from the island Temasek, now Singapore. With Malacca as its capital, the sultanate controlled the areas which are now Peninsula Malaysia, southern Thailand (Patani), and the eastern coast of Sumatra. It existed for more than a century, and within that time period Islam spread to most of the Malay archipelago. Malacca was an important trading port.Portugal made Malacca a colony in 1511 by military conquest, thus ending the Sultanate of Malacca. The first Malacca sultan was Parameswara. However, the last Sultan fled to Kampar in Sumatra and died there. One of his sons went to northern peninsular Malaysia and established the Sultanate of Perak, and another son went to the south of the peninsula and made his capital there. This new kingdom was the continuation of the old Malacca sultanate but now known as the Sultanate of Johor, which still exists today. After the fall of Malacca, three nations struggled for the control of Malacca Strait: the Portuguese peoplePortuguese (in Malacca), the Sultanate of Johor, and the AcehSultanate of Aceh; and this conflict went on till 1641, when the NetherlandsDutch (allied to the Sultanate of Johor) gained control of Malacca. The British took control of Malacca after the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824. 's landmark, the Petronas Twin Towers, one of the tallest buildings in the world]]The British Crown Colony of the Straits Settlements was established in 1826, and Britain gradually increased its control over the rest of the peninsula. The Straits Settlements consisted of the three ports of Singapore, Penang, and Malacca. Penang (Pearl of The Orient) was established in 1786 by Captain Francis Light as a commercial outpost granted by the Sultan of Kedah. Malacca came into British hands after the Anglo-Dutch Treaty; and two years later the Straits Settlements were formed. These settlements were collectively ruled from the British East India Company seat of government in Calcutta until 1867 when their administration was transferred to the Colonial Office in London.It was also about this time that many Malay states decided to obtain British help in settling their internal conflicts. Less than ten years after the transfer of power was completed with several west coast Malay States came under British influence. The role of the merchants of the Straits Settlements saw British government intervention in the affairs of the tin producing states in the Malay Peninsula. Coupled with Chinese Secret Society disturbances and civil war, British gunboat diplomacy was employed to bring about a peaceful resolution that favoured the merchants of the Straits Settlements. Finally, the Pangkor Treaty of 1874 paved the way for British expansion; and by the turn of the 20th century the states of Pahang, Selangor, Perak, and Negeri Sembilan, known together as the Federated Malay States (not to be confused with the Federation of Malaya), were under the rule of United KingdomBritish residents appointed to advise the rulers/Sultans.The other Peninsular states were known as the Unfederated Malay States and, while not directly under rule from London, had British advisors in the Sultans' courts. The four northern states of Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan, and Terengganu were previously under ThailandThai control. British North Borneo (currently the state of Sabah) was a British Crown Colony formerly under the rule of the Sultanate of Sulu, whilst the huge jungle territory of Sarawak was the personal fiefdom of the Brooke (White Rajah) family.Following the JapanJapanese occupation during World War II, popular support for independence grew, coupled with a Malayan Emergencycommunist insurgency. Post-war British plans to form a "Malayan Union" were scuppered by strong Federation of MalayaMalay opposition who wanted a more pro-Malay system, and demanding only single citizenship as opposed to the dual-citizenship option which would have allowed the significant immigrant communities to have claimed citizenship in both Malaya and their country of origin. Independence was achieved for the peninsula in August 31, 1957 under the name of the Federation of Malaya. (See Hari Merdeka.) Singapore's request to be part of this independent state was rejected by London at the time.A new federation under the name of Malaysia was formed on September 16, 1963 through a merging of the Federation of Malaya and the British crown colonies of Singapore, North Borneo (renamed Sabah), and Sarawak, the latter two colonies being on the island of Borneo. The Sultanate of Brunei, though initially expressing interest in joining the Federation, pulled out due to opposition from certain segments of the population as well as wrangling over the payment of oil royalties.The early years of independence were marred by Indonesia-Malaysia confrontationconflict with Indonesia (''Konfrantasi'') over the formation of Malaysia, Singapore's eventual exit in 1965, and racial strife in the form of 1969 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Race Riotsracial riots in 1969 (popularly known as ''Mei 13''). The Philippines also made an active claim on Sabah in that period based upon the Sultanate of Brunei's cession of its north-east territories to the Sultanate of Sulu in 1704. The Philippine claim is still on-going.After the May 13 IncidentMay 13 racial riots of 1969, the controversial Malaysian New Economic PolicyNew Economic Policy - intended to increase the share of the economic pie owned by the bumiputeras as opposed to other ethnic groups - was launched by Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak. Malaysia has since maintained a delicate ethno-political balance, and developed a unique rule combining economic growth and a political rule that favours ''bumiputras'' (a group including mostly ethnic Malays) and moderate Islam.Between the 1980s and the early 1990s, Malaysia experienced significant economic growth under Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad, the 4th prime minister of Malaysia. The period saw a shift from an agriculture-based economy to one based on manufacturing and industry in areas such as computers and consumer electronics. It was during this period too that the face of Malaysian landscape was changed dramatically with the emergence of mega projects that was to propel Malaysia worldwide. Noteably among these projects are the Petronas Twin Towers (once the tallest building in the world), KL International Airport (KLIA), The Sepang F1 Circuit, Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) and Putrajaya (Malaysian Government's new administrative city).In the late 1990s, Malaysia was shaken by the Asian financial crisis. Opposition to certain aspects of the existing system was put down by the government. The opposition runs the gamut from socialistsocialists and reformists to a party that advocates the creation of an Islamic state.In 2003, Dr. Mahathir, Malaysia's longest serving prime minister, retired in favour of his deputy, Abdullah Ahmad Badawi or fondly known as Pak Lah. The new government has advanced a moderate view of an Islamic state defined by the term Islam Hadhari.
Politics - mainPolitics of Malaysia The Federation of Malaysia is a constitutional monarchyconstitutional elective monarchyelective monarchy. It is nominally headed by the Paramount Ruler or ''Yang di-Pertuan Agong'', commonly referred to as the king. Kings are selected for five-year terms from among the nine Malay RulerSultans of the Malay states; the other four states, which have titular Governors, do not participate in the selection.The system of government in Malaysia is closely modelled on that of Westminster SystemWestminster, a legacy of British EmpireBritish colonial rule. In practice however, more power is vested in the executive branch of government than in the legislative. The Malaysian general electiongeneral election must be held at least once every five years. The last general election was in March 2004 and the previous one was in 1999. The ruling coalition is Barisan Nasional.Executive branchExecutive power is vested in the cabinet led by the Prime Minister of Malaysiaprime minister (''Perdana Menteri''); the Malaysian Constitution of Malaysiaconstitution stipulates that the prime minister must be a member of the lower house of Parliament of Malaysiaparliament who, in the opinion of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, commands a majority in parliament. The cabinet is chosen from among members of both houses of parliament and is responsible to that body.The bicameral parliament consists of the upper house (''Dewan Negara'', literally "National Hall") and the lower house (''Dewan Rakyat'', literally "People's Hall"). All 69 Senators sit for 6-year terms; 26 are elected by the 13 state assemblies, and 43 are appointed by the king. The 219 members of the House of Representatives are elected from single-member districts by universal adult suffrage, for a maximum term of 5 years. Legislative power is divided between federal and state legislatures.The state governments are led by chief ministers (''Menteri Besar'') selected by the state assemblies (''Dewan Undangan Negeri'') advising their respective sultans or governors.See also: Courts of Malaysia List of political parties in MalaysiaList of Malaysian political parties
States - mainStates of Malaysia Malaysia is divided into two political divisions: states (''negeri'') and Wilayah PersekutuanFederal Territories (''Wilayah Persekutuan'') that collectively has the status of a state.Eleven states and two federal territories are in Peninsular Malaysia. Two states and one federal territory are in East Malaysia.The states are: Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Pulau Pinang, Sabah, Sarawak, Selangor, and Terengganu.The federal territories are: Kuala Lumpur (the commercial capital city; generally abbreviated to KL in speech by most Malaysians), Putrajaya (the administrative capital city) and Labuan (an island off the coast of Sabah specialising in financial services).
Geography - mainGeography of Malaysia The two distinct parts of Malaysia, separated from each other by the South China Sea, share a largely similar landscape in that both West MalaysiaWest and East Malaysia feature coastal plains rising to often densely forested hills and mountains, the highest of which is Mount Kinabalu at 4,095.2 m on the island of Borneo. The local climate is equatorial and characterised by the annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons.Tanjung Piai, located in the southern state of Johor, is the southernmost tip of continental Asia — if Singapore, an island connected to the continent by a man-made causeway, is excluded.The Straits of Malacca, lying between Sumatra and West Malaysia, is arguably the most important shipping lane in the world.Putrajaya is the newly created administrative capital for the federal government of Malaysia, aimed in part to ease growing congestion within Malaysia's capital city, Kuala Lumpur. The prime minister's office moved in 1999 and the move is expected to be completed in 2005. Kuala Lumpur remains the seat of parliament, as well as the commercial and financial capital of the country. Other major cities include George Town, PenangGeorge Town, Ipoh and Johor Bahru. See also List of cities in Malaysia.
Economy - mainEconomy of Malaysia The Malay Peninsula and indeed Southeast Asia has been a center for trade for centuries. Various items such as porcelain and spice were actively traded even before Sultanate of MalaccaMalacca and Singapore rose to prominence.In the 17th century, large deposits of tin were found in several Malay states. Later, as the British EmpireBritish started to take over as administrators of Malaya, rubber and palm oil trees were introduced for commercial purposes. Over time, Malaya became the world's major largest producer of tin, rubber and palm oil. These three commodities along with other raw materials firmly set Malaysia's economic tempo well into the mid-20th century.In 1970s, Malaysia imitated the footsteps of the original four Asian Tigers and committed itself to a transition from being reliant on mining and agriculture to an economy that depends more on manufacturing. With Japan's assistance, heavy industries flourished and in a matter of years, Malaysian exports became the country primary growth engine. Malaysia consistently achieved more than 7% GDP growth along with low inflation in the 1980s and the 1990s.During the same period, the government tried to eradicate poverty with a controversial race-conscious program called New Economic Policy (Malaysia)New Economic Policy (NEP).Healthy economic environment helped drive Malaysia to upgrade its infrastructures and indulge in many huge national projects. Among them are Putrajaya, a new international airport (Kuala Lumpur International Airport) and a hydroelectric dam (Bakun dam). Despite the prosperity of the 90s, certain factions within Malaysian were worried that the government was spending beyond its means. That concern became more than apparent when the Asian Financial Crisis hit in 1997.The year 1997 saw the drastic changes in local scenarios. Foreign direct investment fell at an alarming rate and Ringgit depreciated substantially from MYR 2.50 per USD to much levels lower (up to MYR 4.80 per USD at its bottom) as capital flowed out. The Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange's composite index fell from approximately 1300 to nearly merely 400 points in a few short weeks. In response, the Malaysian government imposed capital controls and fixed exchange ratepegged the Malaysian Ringgit at 3.80 to a US dollar while refusing economic aid from International Monetary Fund (IMF) which came with austere lending conditions. In March 2005, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) published a paper on the sources and pace of Malaysia's recovery, written by Jomo K.S. of the applied economics department, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. The paper concluded that the controls imposed by Malaysia's government neither hurt nor helped that country's recovery. The chief factor was an increase in electronics components exports, which was caused by a large increase in the demand for components in the United States, which was caused, in turn, by a fear of the effects of the arrival of the year 2000 (Y2K) upon older computers and other digital devices.Regardless of cause/effect claims, rejuvenation of the economy also coincided with massive government spending and budget deficits in the years that followed the crisis. Later, the country enjoyed faster economic recovery compared to its neighbors though in many ways, the level of pre-1997 affluence has yet to be achieved.The fixed exchange rate regime was abandoned in July 2005 in favor of managed floating exchange ratefloating system within an hour of China's announcing of the same move. In the same week, Ringgit strengthened a few percent against various major currencies and is expected to appreciate further.In September 2005, Sir Howard J. Davies, director of the London School of Economics, at a meeting Kuala Lumpur, cautioned Malaysian officials that if they want a flexible capital market, they will have to lift the ban on short selling created in 1997. Islamic banking in Malaysia List of Malaysian companies
Natural resources - Malaysia is well-endowed with natural resources in areas such as agriculture, forestry as well as minerals. In terms of agriculture, Malaysia is the world's primary exporter of natural rubber and palm oil, which together with sawlogs and sawn timber, cocoa, pepper, pineapple and tobacco dominate the growth of the sector. Palm oil is also a major foreign exchange earner. Regarding forestry resources, it is noted that logging only began to make a substantial contribution to the economy during the nineteenth century. Today an estimated 59 per cent of Malaysia remains forested. The rapid expansion of the timber industry, particularly after the 1960s, has brought about a serious erosion problem in the country's forest resources. However, in line with the Government's commitment to protect the environment and the ecological system, forestry resources are being managed on a sustainable basis and accordingly the rate of tree felling has been on the downtrend. In addition, substantial areas are being silviculturally treated and reafforestration of degraded forest land is also being carried out. The Malaysian government provide plans for the enrichment of some 31,230 hectares of land with rattan under natural forest conditions and in rubber plantations as an intercrop. To further enrich forest resources, fast-growing timber species such as ''meranti tembaga'', ''merawan'' and ''sesenduk'' are also being planted. At the same time, the cultivation of high-value trees like teak and other trees for pulp and paper are also encouraged. Rubber, once the mainstay of the Malaysian economy, has been largely replaced by oil palm as Malaysia's leading agricultural export.Tin and petroleum are the two main mineral resources that are of major significance in the Malaysian economy. Malaysia was once the world's largest producer of tin until the collapse of the tin market in the early 1980s. In the 19th and 20th Century, tin played a predominant role in the Malaysian economy. It was only in 1972 that petroleum and natural gas took over from tin as the mainstay of the mining sector. Meanwhile, the contribution by tin has declined. Petroleum and natural gas which were discovered in oilfields offshore from Sabah, Sarawak and Trengganu have contributed much to the Malaysian economy particularly in those three states. Other minerals of some importance or significance include copper, gold, bauxite, iron-ore and coal together with industrial minerals like clay, kaolin, silica, limestone, barite, phosphates and dimension stones such as granite as well as marble blocks and slabs. Small quantities of gold are produced. In 2004, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department, Datuk Mustapa Mohamed, revealed that Malaysia's oil reserves stood at 4.84 billion barrels while natural gas reserves increased to 89 trillion cubic feet (2,500 km³). This was an increase of 7.2 percent.The government predicts that at current production rates Malaysia will be able to produce oil for 18 years and gas for 35 years. In 2004 Malaysia is ranked 24th in terms of world oil reserves and 13th for gas. 56% of the oil reserves exist in the Peninsula while 19% exist in East Malaysia. The government collects oil royalties of which 5% are passed to the states and the rest retained by the federal government.
Communications - mainCommunications in Malaysia Malaysia has extensive railroads that connects all major cities and town on the peninsular and east Malaysia itself. The North-South Expressway basically span from the northern tip of Bukit Kayu Hitam and Johor Baru in the south, which also connects roads into Thailand and Singapore. There are sea ports in Tanjong Kidurong, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching, Pasir Gudang, Penang, Port Kelang, Sandakan and Tawau. There are also world class airports that provide international and domestic destinations. See also Transportation in Malaysia.Roads in the East Malaysia and the eastern coast of West Malaysia are still relatively undeveloped. Those are highly curved roads passing through mountainous regions and many are still unsealed, gravel roads. This has resulted in the continued use of rivers as the main mode of transportation for interior residents.Malaysia is also the home of the first low-cost carrier in the region, Air Asia. It retains Kuala Lumpur as its hub and maintains flights around Southeast Asia and now China as well.The intercity telecommunication service provided on Peninsular Malaysia mainly by using microwave radio relay. International telecommunications are provided through submarine cables and satelite.In December 2004, Energy, Water and Communications Minister Lim Keng YaikDatuk Seri Dr Lim Keng Yaik reported that only 0.85 per cent or 218,004 people in Malaysia used broadband services. However these values are based on subscriber number, whilst household percentage can reflect the situation more accurately. This represented an increase from 0.45% in three quarters. He also stated that the government targeted usage of 5% by 2006 and doubling to 10% by 2008. Lim Keng Yaik had urged local telecommunication companies and service provider to open up the last mile and lower prices to benefit the users. One of the largest and most significant telecommunication company of choice in Malaysia is Telekom Malaysia Berhad (TM), providing products and services from fixed line, mobile to Internet Service Provider. List of Malaysian television stations List of radio stations in MalaysiaList of Malaysian radio stations List of Malaysian newspapers
Healthcare - Malaysian society places importance on the expansion and development of healthcare, putting 5% of the government social sector development budget into public healthcare - an increase of more than 47% over the previous figure. This has meant an overall increase of more than RM 2 billion. With a rising and aging population, the Government wishes to improve in many areas including the refurbishment of existing hospitals, building and equipping new hospitals, expansion of the number of polyclinics, and improvements in training and expansion of telehealth. Over the last couple of years they have increased their efforts to overhaul the systems and attract more foreign investment.The Malaysian healthcare system requires doctors to perform a compulsory 3 years service with public hospitals to ensure the manpower of these hospitals are maintained. Recently foreign doctors have also been encouraged to take up employment here. There is still, however, a compound shortage of medical workforce, especially that of highly trained specialists resulting in certain medical care and treatment only available in large cities. Recent efforts to bring many facilities to other towns have been hampered by lack of expertise to run the available equipments made ready by investments.There are currently 114 government hospitals and healthcare centres with a total of 28,163 beds. There are also seven special medical institutions (including psychiatric institutions) with a total of 6,292 beds. As for private hospitals, there are 225 of them (including maternity and nursing homes) in Malaysia, and they provide 9,498 beds. The majority are in urban areas and, unlike many of the public hospitals, are equipped with the latest diagnostic and imaging facilities. Private hospitals have not generally been seen as an ideal investment - it has often taken up to 10 years before companies have seen any profits. However, the situation has now changed and companies are now looking into this area again, particularly in view of the increasing interest by foreigners in coming to Malaysia for medical care. List of hospitals in MalaysiaList of Malaysian hospitals
Education - mainEducation in Malaysia Malaysian children begin schooling from the age of 5 or 6 in kindergarten. Primary one begins the year a child turns 7. There is a primary education leaving exam, called 'Ujian Penilaian Sekolah Rendah', or UPSR (Primary School Assessment Examination) where all primary Six students take before going into secondary schools. The purpose of this examination is to assess the quality of the primary education in Malaysia. An exam called Penilaian Tahap Satu (PTS; First Level Assessment) was formerly held to enable bright students to leap from Standard 3 to 5 but this exam has since been scraped.Secondary education lasts five years. At the end of the third year, students must sit for the 'Penilaian Menengah Rendah' (PMR; Lower Secondary Assessment), to guide them on what subjects to take next year. The combination of subjects available to Form 4 students vary from one school to another. In the last year, students will sit for 'Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia', or SPM (Malaysian Certificate of Education; equivalent to the British Ordinary or 'O' levels). Students wishing to enter university have to complete 2 more years of secondary schooling.They must take up either the school based Form Six and sit for Sijil Tinggi Pelajaran Malaysia', or STPM (Malaysia Higher Certificate of Education; equivalent to the British Advanced or 'A' levels), matriculation (1 year only), or other pre-university courses before they may apply for entry into local universities. Students can opt to go to private colleges after secondary studies. Most colleges have education links with overseas universities especially in the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia. Malaysian students abroad study mostly in the United KingdomUK, United States, Australia, Singapore, Japan and Canada.Until recently, all subjects except foreign languages (English, Mandarin and Tamil) were taught in Bahasa Melayu (Malay). The result was that while many Malaysian students were proficient with the Malay language, they later struggled with English based tertiary education, especially in overseas universities and colleges. Currently Mathematics and Science are the only subjects other than languages that are taught in English. The reasoning was that students would no longer be hindered by the language barrier during their tertiary education in fields such as medicine and engineering. All other subjects are taught in Bahasa Melayu. List of schools in MalaysiaList of Malaysian schools List of universities in MalaysiaList of Malaysian universities and colleges
Demographics - mainDemographics of Malaysia Malaysia's population is comprised of many ethnic groups, with the politically dominant Malay peopleMalays making up the majority. By constitutional definition, all Malays are IslamMuslim. About a quarter of the population are overseas ChineseChinese, who have historically played an important role in trade and business. Malaysians of Indian descent comprise about 7% of the population and include HinduismHindus, Muslims, SikhismSikhs, ChristianityChristians, and BuddhismBuddhists. About 85% of the Indian community is Tamil peopleTamil but various other groups are represented, including KeralaMalayalis, PunjabPunjabis and TeluguTelugus.Non-Malay indigenous groups make up more than half of the state of Sarawak's population, constitute about 66% of Sabah's population, and also exist in much smaller numbers on the Peninsula, where they are collectively called Orang Asli. The non-Malay indigenous population is divided into dozens of ethnic groups, but they share some general cultural similarities. Other Malaysians also include those of, inter alia, European, Middle Eastern, Cambodian, and Vietnamese descent. Europeans and Eurasians include British who colonized and settled in Malaysia and some PortugalPortuguese, and most of the Middle Easterners are Arabs. A small number of Kampucheans and Vietnamese settled in Malaysia as Vietnam War refugees. Population distribution is uneven, with some 20 million residents concentrated on the Malay Peninsula.May 13, 1969 saw an incident of civil unrest which was then thought to be largely due to the socio-economic imbalance of the country along racial lines, though in retrospect it may have been more motivated by political firebrands in both governing and opposition parties, as the violence involved only the areas in and around the capital, with much of the country remaining at peace. This incident led to the adoption of the Malaysian New Economic PolicyNew Economic Policy as a two-pronged approach to address racial and economic inequality and to eradicate poverty in the country.Due to the rise in labour intensive industries, Malaysia has 10 to 20 percent foreign workers with the uncertainty due in part to the large number of illegal workers; there are a million legal foreign workers and perhaps another million unauthorized foreigners. The state of Sabah alone has nearly 20% of it's 2.5 million population listed as illegal foreign workers in the last census. Unauthorized foreigners are subject to RM10,000 fines and two-year prison terms, while Malaysian employers face up to a year in jail and a fine of up to RM50,000 for each illegal worker hired, with those hiring more than five also liable to caning. Caning is a standard punishment for more than 40 crimes in Malaysia, ranging from sexual abuse to drug use. Administered with a thick rattan stick, it splits the skin and leaves scars. Some 380,000 unauthorized foreigners left during an "amnesty" that began in Fall 2004 and was extended several times. During amnesties, unauthorized foreigners can leave without paying fines for being illegally in the country. On March 1, 2005, some 300,000 policemen as well as the 560,000-strong Peoples Volunteer Corp began searching for the remaining unauthorized foreigners under Operation Tegas; the volunteers receive RM100 for each foreigner arrested. ''Source: migration.ucdavis.edu - Migration News, April April 2005 Volume 12 Number 2'' List of Malaysian people
Religion - Malaysia is a multi-religious society, but Islam is the official religion of the country. The four main religions are Islam (60.4% of the population according to government census figures in 2000), Buddhism (19.2%), Hinduism (6.3%), and Christianity (9.1%, mostly in East Malaysia, i.e. Borneo). Until the 20th century, most practiced animismtraditional beliefs, which arguably still linger on to a greater degree than Malaysian officialdom is prepared to acknowledge. Although the Malaysian constitution theoretically guarantees religious freedom, in practice the situation is Status of religious freedom in Malaysia not so simple. Non-Muslims often experience restrictions in activities such as construction of religious buildings. Meanwhile Muslims (or rather, persons deemed to be Muslim by the state Religious Affairs office) are forced to submit to the decisions of sharia courts, regardless of whether this affiliation accords with their personal religious views. Whether Muslims may freely leave Islam is not yet legally clear. In some situations, the Malaysian courts have defended one's right to freedom of religion even when one has renouced Islam (such as the Yeshua Jalilludin versus the Minister of Home Affairs case in the 1980's) however not so in other times. Generally one who wishes to leave Islam makes a legal declaration, but this is still not recognised by the Malaysian civil courts. One is said to have to obtain a declaration of apostasy with a Syariah Court, but the court will not generally grant one.Malaysians tend to personally respect one another's religious beliefs, with inter-religious problems arising mainly from the political sphere. Islam in Malaysia Christianity in Malaysia Buddhism in Malaysia Hinduism in Malaysia Status of religious freedom in Malaysia
Culture - mainCulture of Malaysia Malaysia is a multi-racial society, consisting of 65% Malays and other indigenous tribes, 25% Chinese, 7% Indians. The Malays, which form the largest community, are mainly Muslims. The Malays play a dominant role politically and are known as bumiputera. Their native language is Malay languageMalay (Bahasa Melayu), which is also the national language of the country. In the past, Bahasa Melayu was written widely in Jawi script. As time progresses, romanized script has over taken Jawi as the dominant script. The largest indigenous tribe in terms of numbers is the Iban of Sarawak, who number over 600,000. The Iban who still live in traditional jungle villages live in longhouselonghouses along the Rajang and Lupar rivers and their tributaries. The Bidayuh (170,000) are concentrated in the south-western part of Sarawak. The largest indigenous tribe in Sabah is the Kadazan. They are largely Christian subsistence farmers. The Orang Asli (140,000), or aboriginal peoples, comprise a number of different ethnic communities live in Peninsular Malaysia. Traditionally nomadic hunter-gatherers and agriculturists, many have been sedentarised and partially absorbed into modern Malaysia. However, they remain the poorest group in the country. The Chinese comprise of about a quarter of the population. They are mostly Buddhists (of Mahayana sect), Taoists or ChristianityChristian, and speak a variety of Chinese dialects including Hokkien (dialect)Hokkien/Fujian, Cantonese languageCantonese, Hakka and Teochew , and have been historically dominant in the business community.The Indians account for about 10% of the population. They are mainly Hindu Tamil peopleTamils from southern India, speaking Tamil languageTamil, Telugu, Malayalam, and Hindi, living mainly in the larger towns on the west coast of the peninsula.There is also a sizeable Sikh community. Eurasians, Cambodians, Vietnamese, and indigenous tribes make up the remaining population. A small number of Eurasians, of mixed Portuguese and Malay descent, speak a Portuguese creole, called Papia Kristang. There are also Eurasians of mixed Malay and Spanish descent, mostly in Sabah. Descended from immigrants from the Philippines, some speak Chavacano, the only Spanish creole in Asia. Cambodians and Vietnamese are mostly Buddhists (Cambodians of Theravada sect and Vietnamese, Mahayana sect). Malaysian traditional music is heavily influenced by Chinese and Islamic forms. The music is based largely around the gendang (drum), but includes other percussion instruments (some made of shells); the rebab, a bowed string instrument; the serunai, a double-reed oboe-like instrument; flutes, and trumpets. The country has a strong tradition of dance and dance dramas, some of Thai, Indian and Portuguese origin. Other artistic forms include wayangwayang kulit (shadow puppet theatre), silat (a stylised martial art) and crafts such as batik, weaving, and silver and brasswork.
Citizenship - mainMalaysian citizenship All Malaysians are Federal citizens with no formal citizenships within the individual states. Every citizen is issued with an identity card at birth (''MyKid'' card for persons under the age 12 and ''MyKad'' for persons above the age of 12) and must carry the card with him. A citizen is required to present the card to police, or in the case of an emergency, to any military personnel, to be identified.
Miscellaneous topics - portalparMalaysia Cuisine of Malaysia Foreign relations of Malaysia Holidays in Malaysia Military of Malaysia Films of Malaysia Music of Malaysia Malaysian writers
External links -
Official sites - bernama.com.my - Bernama - Malaysian national news agency statistics.gov.my - Malaysian Department of Statistics gov.my - myGovernment Portal - Malaysian Government Portal tourism.gov.my - Tourism Malaysia - Malaysian tourism portal pmo.gov.my - Office of the Prime Minister of Malaysia rtm.net.my - Radio Televisyen Malaysia - Government-owned television network
Other sites - commonscatMalaysia wikitravel cia.gov - CIA World Factbook entry on Malaysia cia.gov - CIA - Disputes - InternationalSoutheast_Asia Category:ASEAN member statesCategory:Malaysia !ACategory:MonarchiesCategory:S outheast? Asian !countriesaf:Maleisiëals:Malay siaan:Malaisiaar:ماليزي bg:Малайзияca:Malàis iacs:Malajsiecy:Malaysiada:Mal aysiade:Malaysiaeo:Malajzioes: Malasiafa:مالزیfi:Malesia fr:Malaisiegd:Malaysiagl:Malai sia? - !Malaysiahe:מלזיהhi:मल ेशियाhr:Malezijaht:M alezihu:Malajziaid:Malaysiais: Malasíait:Malaysiaja:マレ シアko:말레이시아ks: लयेशियाli:Malei siëlt:Malaizijalv:Malaizijams :Malaysiands:Malaysianl:Maleis iënn:Malaysiano:Malaysiapl:Ma lezjapt:Malásiaro:Malaysiaru: Малайзияsa:मलय शियाsimple:Malaysiasq :Malajziask:Malajziasl:Malezij asr:Малезијаsv:Malaysi ata:மலேசியாtl:Ma laysiath:ประเทศม าเลเซียuk:Мал айзіяzh:马来西亚zh-mi n-nan:Má-lâi-se-a
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Apexphotos travel photography
Presents magical travel, environmental and abstract photography from around the world. You can view, browse, link and buy.
http://www.apexphotos.com/
Kerteh Hash House Harriers - KH3
Kerteh Hash House Harriers - Kerteh, Terengganu, Malaysia
http://www.kerteh.com/
G K Lim, persuasion psychology training consultant
G K Lim < gk@gklim.com > is a training consultant in the area of strategic / tactical selling skills, key account management, negotiation skills, customer service excellence, effective presentation skills, Emotional Intelligence enhancement, personal development, motivation, stress management, and mind/intuition enhancement.
http://www.gklim.com/
perhentian island
get further information about perhentian island or pulau perhentian
http://www.perhentianisland.info/
Allo' expat Malaysia - The Expats Online Community
Malaysia Expatriate Resources & Forums for Expatriates. One Stop Information Center for Expatriates.
http://www.malaysia.alloexpat.com/
http://www.mrpumpy.net
Cycling Southeast Asia with Mr Pumpy! The roads, the rides, the facts!
http://www.mrpumpy.net/
GS Productions
Professional work in TV industries for over 20 years. One of the first company in South East Asia with the HDW-F900 HDCAM. HD production and post production facilities available for TV commercial, feature film, Doco & etc.
http://www.gsproductions.com.my/
SMI / SME / SMB MALAYSIA
WELCOME to the official website of the SMI JOHOR SELATAN of Malaysia. The primary purpose of this website is to provide an effective channel to disseminate news, events and information concerning the small and medium sized industries (SMIs) in Malaysia to all its members and SMI operators across the country. SMALL and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) which want to finance their information and communications technology (ICT) implementation are currently faced with a lack of options, in terms of loan packages from financial institutions. Despite all the awareness, grants and funds, the small and medium-sized business (SMB) community in Malaysia is still not adopting information technology (IT) as fast as Government would like it to be.
http://www.smijohorselatan.com/
Florida District Export Council - Export Assistance Center
The Florida District Export Council is comprised of a group of professionals who are highly experienced in the many facets of international trade. The Florida District Export Council members, who are appointed by the U.S. Department of Commerce, help to advance Florida trade through education, mentoring, and special initiatives designed to take advantage of unique developments and timely overseas business opportunities.
http://www.floridaexporter.com/
My Pewter Online Shopping
Malaysia premier online shopping for pewter
http://www.mypewter.com/
South Asia;s one of the top ten leading Travel Agents & Tour Operators
We provide all kinds of Travel & Tour Arrangements at Competitive Prices in India & Abroad.
http://www.skylinkworld.com/
Mazle Communications -- Graphic Design , Desktop Publishing , Commercial Printing
A graphic design business entity that also offers desktop publishing and commercial printing services.
http://www.mazle.com/
Islamic Conferences Group
The Definitive Access to Global Islamic and Ethical Finance Conferences and Events
http://www.islamicconferences.com/
Jemsec International - Taking the bite out of terrorism
Providing security solutions and risk management for business
http://www.jemsec.com/
ICG Events
The Premier Global Events Specialist
http://www.icg-events.com/
Jacek Piwowarczyk Photography
Travel Photopograaphy Gallery. Pictures from around the world, indluding Asia, Africa, Australia and Oceania, South America and Europe. Author is a freelance photographer based in Hong Kong.
http://www.jacekphoto.com/
Tropic Residence Apartments for rent
Apartments in Singapore and Malaysia for rent. Diamond Tower, Golden Heights, Lock Cho Apartment, 28D Lorong 30 Geylang, 12 Jalan Suka in Singapore. Arena Green in KL, Malaysia. Please log on to http://tropic-residence.tripod.com for details. Email goldhousepublishing@yahoo.com.sg
http://tropic-residence.tripod.com
lomboknews
Lombok & Sumbawa News Updated
http://www.lomboknews.com/
Frohsz Family Online
Private Website about us, about Malaysia,travel, books, cooking asian style, restaurants, wine and a lot more
http://www.frohsz.de/
www.seemalaysia.org
Malaysia and Singapore in pictures and video. Site in English, French and Portuguese
http://www.seemalaysia.org/
Asian Christian Art Association (ACAA)
ACAA encourages artists to express Christian concern through their art in an Asian context. As a means of communication and information for Asian Christian artists and theologian.
http://www.asianchristianart.org/
Tourism Malaysia
Official site by Malaysia Tourism Promotion Board (Malaysian Ministry Of Culture, Arts And Tourism). Includes industry contacts, festivals, local songs, and photographs of major events.
http://www.tourism.gov.my/
Geographia
Provides information about the people, history, culture, natural terrain, and tourist attractions in Asia, Africa, Europe, Latin America, and the Caribbean.
http://www.geographia.com/
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Official site links to each directorate as well as to attorney employment, listserv signup, FAQ, a virtual tour, the CIA Museum, press releases and reports, and reference pages on world geography, history, politics and chiefs of state. Alphabetical site index, site map, search, and a special section on terrorism.
http://www.cia.gov/
Jaring
Internet service provider in Malaysia, managed by Mimos Bhd. Local portal with news and events, happenings and resourceful links.
http://www.jaring.my
The Star Online
Online version of The Star newspaper.
http://thestar.com.my/
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