management

Dictionary


  • the act of managing something
  • "he was given overall management of the program"
  • "is the direction of the economy a function of government?" those in charge of running a business

  • Wikipedia


    Manager redirects to here. For use in sports, see coach (sport).''"Management" (from Old French ''ménagement'' "the art of conducting, directing", from Latin ''manu agere'' "to lead by the hand") characterises the process of leadershipleading and directing all or part of an organization, often a business, through the deployment and manipulation of resources (human resources human, financial, material, intellectual or intangible). Early twentieth-century management writer, Mary Follett Mary Parker Follett defined management as "the art of getting things done through people." One can also think of management functionally, as the action of measuring a quantity on a regular basis and of adjusting some initial plan, and as the actions taken to reach one's intended goal. This applies even in situations where planning does not take place. Situational management may precede and subsume purposive management.Management is also called "Business Administration", and schools that teach management are usually called "Business Schools". The term "management" may also be used to describe the slate of managers of an organization, for example of a Corporationcorporation. A governing body is a term used to describe a group formed to manage an organization, such as a sports league. Functions of managementThere are 4 management functions and they are Planning, Organizing, Leading and Controlling.

    Historical development - Some writers trace the development of management thought back to Sumerian traders and ancient Egyptian pyramid builders. Slavery Slave-owners through the centuries faced the problems of exploiting/motivating a dependent but sometimes recalcitrant workforce, but many pre-industrial enterprises, given their small scale, did not feel compelled to face the issues of management systematically. But innovations such as the spread of Arabic numerals (5th to 15th centuries) and the codification of double-entry book-keeping (1494) provided tools for management assessment, planning and control.

    19th century - Modern management as a discipline began as an off-shoot of economics in the 19th century. Classical economics Classical economists such as Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill provided a theoretical background to resource allocation, production, and pricing issues. About the same time, innovators like Eli Whitney, James Watt, and Matthew Boulton developed technical production elements such as standardization, quality control procedures, cost accounting, interchangeability of parts, and work planning. By the middle of the 19th century, Robert Owen, Henry Poor, and M. Laughlin and others introduced the human element with theories of worker training, motivation, organizational structure and span of control. Compare the analyses of Karl Marx and of Friedrich Engels.By the late 19th century, Marginal theory of valuemarginal economists Alfred Marshall and Leon Walras and others introduced a new layer of complexity to the theoretical underpinings of management. Joseph Wharton offered the first tertiary-level course in management in 1881.

    20th century - By about 1900 we find managers trying to place their theories on a thoroughly scientific basis. Examples include Henry Towne's ''Science of management'' in the 1890s, Frederick Winslow Taylor's ''Scientific management'' (1911), Frank Bunker Gilbreth Frank and Lillian Moller Gilbreth Lillian Gilbreth's ''Applied motion study'' (1917), and Henry L. Gantt's charts (1910s). J. Duncan wrote the first college management text book in 1911.The first comprehensive theories of management appeared around 1920. People like Henri Fayol and Alexander Church described the various branches of management and their inter-relationships. In the early 20th century, people like Ordwat Tead, Walter Scott and J. Mooney applied the principles of psychology to management, while other writers, such as Elton Mayo, Mary Follett Mary Parker Follett, Chester Barnard, Max Weber, Rensis Likert, and Chris Argyris approached the phenomenon of management from a sociologysociological perspective. Peter Drucker wrote one of the earliest books on applied management: ''Concept of the Corporation'' (published in 1946). It resulted from Alfred Sloan (chairman of General Motors until 1956) commissioning a study of the organisation. Drucker has gone on to write 32 books, many in the same vein.H. Dodge, Ronald Fisher, and Thorton C. Fry introduced statistical techniques into management. In the 1940s, Patrick Maynard Stuart BlackettPatrick Blackett combined these statistical theories with microeconomicsmicroeconomic theory and gave birth to the science of operations research. Operations research, sometimes known as "management science", attempts to take a sciencescientific approach to solving management problems, particularly in the areas of logistics and operations.Some of the more recent developments include the theory of constraints, Management by objectives, reengineering, and various information technology driven theories such as agile software development. As the general recognition of managers as a class solidified during the 20th century and gave perceived practitioners of management a certain amount of prestige, so the way opened for Business philosophies and popular management theoriespopularised systems of management ideas to peddle their wares. In this context many management fads may have had more to do with pop psychology than with scientific management theory. Towards the end of the 20th century, business management came to consist of six separate branches, namely:
  • Human resourcesHuman resource management
  • Operations management or production management
  • Strategic management
  • Marketing management
  • FinanceFinancial management
  • Management information systemsInformation Technology management

    21st century - In the 21st century we find it increasingly difficult to subdivide management into functional categories in this way. More and more processes simultaneously involve several categories. Instead, we tend to think in terms of the various processes, tasks, and objects subject to management. A list of some of the areas of management can be found later in this article. It is also the case that many of the assumptions made by management have been under attack from business ethics, critical management studies, and anti-corporate activism.One consequence is that workplace democracy has become both more common, and more advocated, in some places distributing all management functions among the workers, each of whom takes on a portion of the work. However, these models predate any current political issue, and may be more natural than command hierarchy. All management is to some degree democratic in that there must be majority support of workers for the management in the long term, or they leave to find other work, or go on strike.

    Nature of the work - In for-profit work, the primary function of management is satisfy a range of stakeholders. This typically involves making a profit (for the shareholders), creating valued products at a reasonable cost (for customers), and providing rewarding employment opportunities (for employees). In nonprofit work it is also important to keep the faith of donors. In most models of management, shareholders vote for the board of directors, and that board then hires senior management. Some organizations are experimenting with other methods of selecting or reviewing managers senior managers (such as employee voting models) but this is very rare. In the public sector of countries constituted as representative democracyrepresentative democracies, politicians are elected to public office. They hire many managers and administrators, and in some countries like the United States a great many people lose jobs during a regime change. 2500 people serve "at the pleasure of the President" including all the top US government executives.Public, private and voluntary sectors place different demands on managers, but all must retain the faith of those who select them (if they wish to retain their jobs), retain the faith of those people that fund the organization, and retain the faith of those who work for the organization. If they fail to convince employees that they are better off staying than leaving, the organization will be forced into a downward spiral of hiring, training, firing, and recruiting.Management also has a responsibility to innovate and improve the functioning of the organization.In all but the smallest organizations, achieving these objectives involves a division of management labour. People specialize in a limited range of functions so as to more quickly gain competence and expertice. Even in employee managed workplaces such as a Wobbly Shop, where managers are elected, or where latitude of action is sharply restricted by collective bargaining or unions, managers still take on roughly the same functions and job descriptions as in a more traditional command hierarchy.

    CEO - Chief executive officer (CEO) - The CEO is ultimately responsible for the success or failure of the business. He or she provides overall strategic direction for the firm, often with the assistance of a team of vice presidents. Strategic management decisions like what products to market, what market segments to target, what functions to outsource, what business model to employ, and what geographical areas to operate in are the responsibility of the CEO. The CEO is accountable to the board of directors. Typically a CEO will delegate many responsibilities to one or more executive vice presidents. In small firms, the owner, president, or chief executive officer typically assume many roles and responsibilities. Vice president, Marketing - An executive vice president of marketing might direct overall marketing strategies, advertising, promotions, sales, product management, pricing, and public relations policies. The direct reports of the EVP oversee advertising and promotion. In a small firm, they may serve as a liaison between the firm and the advertising or promotion agency to which many advertising or promotional functions are contracted out. In larger firms, advertising managers oversee in-house account, creative, and media services departments. Marketing managers - Marketing managers develop the firm's detailed marketing plans and marketing managementprocedures. With the help of subordinates, including product development managers and market research managers, they determine the demand for products and services offered by the firm and its competitors. In addition, they identify potential markets—for example, business firms, wholesalers, retailers, government, or the general public. Marketing managers develop pricing strategy with an eye towards maximizing the firm's share of the market and its profits while ensuring that the customers are satisfied. In collaboration with sales, product development, and other managers, they monitor trends that indicate the need for new products and services and oversee product development. Marketing managers work with advertising and promotion managers to promote the firm's products and services and to attract potential users.Promotions managers - Promotions managers supervise sales promotion specialists. They direct promotion programs that combine advertising with purchase incentives to increase sales. In an effort to establish closer contact with purchasers—dealers, distributors, or consumers—promotion programs may involve direct mail, telemarketing, television or radio advertising, catalogs, exhibits, inserts in newspapers, Internet advertisements or Web sites, instore displays or product endorsements, and special events. Purchase incentives may include discounts, samples, gifts, rebates, coupons, sweepstakes, and contests.Public relations managers - Public relations managers supervise public relations specialists. These managers direct publicity programs to a targeted public. They often specialize in a specific area, such as crisis management or in a specific industry, such as healthcare. They use every available communication medium in their effort to maintain the support of the specific group upon whom their organizations success depends, such as consumers, stockholders, or the general public. For example, public relations managers may clarify or justify the firms point of view on health or environmental issues to community or special interest groups.They also evaluate advertising and promotion programs for compatibility with public relations efforts and serve as the eyes and ears of top management. They observe social, economic, and political trends that might ultimately affect the firm and make recommendations to enhance the firm's image based on those trends.They may also may confer with labor relations managers to produce internal company communications—such as newsletters about employee-management relations—and with financial managers to produce company reports. They assist company executives in drafting speeches, arranging interviews, and maintaining other forms of public contact; oversee company archives; and respond to information requests. In addition, some handle special events such as sponsorship of races, parties introducing new products, or other activities the firm supports in order to gain public attention through the press without advertising directly.Sales managers - Sales managers direct the firm's sales program. They assign sales territories, set goals, and establish training programs for the sales representatives. Managers advise the sales representatives on ways to improve their sales performance. In large, multiproduct firms, they oversee regional and local sales managers and their subordinates. Sales managers maintain contact with dealers and distributors. They analyze sales statistics gathered by their staffs to determine sales potential and inventory requirements and monitor the preferences of customers. Such information is vital to develop products and maximize profits.Account executive - The account executive manages the account services department, assesses the need for advertising, and, in advertising agencies, maintains the accounts of clients. Creative director - The creative services department develops the subject matter and presentation of advertising. The creative director oversees the copy chief, art director, and associated staff. Media director - The media director oversees planning groups that select the communication media—for example, radio, television, newspapers, magazines, Internet, or outdoor signs—to disseminate the advertising.

    Areas of management -
  • Administrative management
  • Association management
  • Change management
  • Communication management
  • Constraint management
  • Cost management
  • Crisis management
  • Customer relationship management
  • Earned value management
  • Enterprise management
  • Facility management
  • Human interaction management
  • Integration management
  • Knowledge management
  • Land management
  • Logistics management
  • Marketing management
  • Operations management
  • Pain management
  • Perception management
  • Procurement management
  • Program management
  • Project management
  • Process management
  • Product management
  • Quality management
  • Resource management
  • Risk management
  • Skills management
  • Spend management
  • Stress management
  • Supply chain management
  • Systems management
  • Talent ManagerTalent management
  • Time management

    See also -
  • Adhocracy
  • Administration
  • Engineering management
  • Management consulting
  • Management development
  • Management Technology
  • Managing upwards
  • Micromanagement
  • Middle management
  • Music management
  • Poor management
  • Senior management
  • Strategic management
  • Virtual management
  • Peter Drucker's management by objectives
  • Eliyahu M. Goldratt's theory of constraints
  • Pointy Haired Boss —negative stereotypes of managers

    Lists -
  • list of management topics
  • list of marketing topics
  • list of human resource management topics
  • list of economics topics
  • list of finance topics
  • list of accounting topics
  • list of information technology management topics
  • list of production topics
  • list of business law topics
  • list of business ethics, political economy, and philosophy of business topics
  • list of business theorists
  • list of economists
  • list of corporate leaders
  • list of companies

    External links -
  • management.about.com - About Management Management at !About.comhttp://www.associatio nforum.orgCategory:Management? !occupationsCategory:Management Category:Organizationsbe:Мэ эджмэнтbn:ব্যব স্থাপনাde:Manage mentes:Gestión? !empresarialfr:Managementko:경 영학id:Manajemenlt:Vadybanl: Managementhe:ניהולja:マ ジメントpl:Zarządzaniep t:Gestão? !comercialro:Managementru:Ме еджментsk:Manažmentsl :Upravljanjesr:Менаџме тsv:Ledarskapzh:管理学
  • Websites


    GepaNet - System Vendor for Computer Systems and Networks
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    Changes Training Centre
    Changes Training Centre (CTC) is a private post-secondary educational institution fully registered and accredited by the Private Career Training Institutions Association of British Columbia (PCTIA). Featuring Diploma programs in General Insurance, Accounting and Payroll, Management, Administration, and more. Certifications include PMCP, Real Estate, and CFP. Contact us at 604-852-1233, (toll free 1-877-852-1233) email info@changestraining.com or go to www.changestraining.com for more information.
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    Volunteer Managment Software
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    Website, Database and Online Application Development Services
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    Despierta Argentina (NGO)
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    G K Lim, persuasion psychology training consultant
    G K Lim < gk@gklim.com > is a training consultant in the area of strategic / tactical selling skills, key account management, negotiation skills, customer service excellence, effective presentation skills, Emotional Intelligence enhancement, personal development, motivation, stress management, and mind/intuition enhancement.
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    Artist Management Company
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    Auto Web Content Management 1.0
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    http://awcm.tr11.com

    Contract Research Organization
    Global CINRG is a technology-driven global pharmaceutical, biotechnology and medical decide product development company combining a global CRO with a multinational ARO-SMO, uniform SOPs and uniform technology.
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    The official website for MAXIMUM Booking
    MAXIMUM Booking, run by Jeff Aug, is a booking and management agency based in Southern Germany. MAXIMUM Booking represents great artists such as A-Team (D), Chumbawamba (UK), Anne Clark (UK), Cortez (CH), Cultus Ferox (D), Sigrid Erbe (D), The Ex (NL), Floating Stone (USA/D), Flugbegleiter (D), Hilight Tribe (F), His Masters Voice (D), Honigdieb (D), Implant (B), Rico Loop (D), Lederhosen Lucil (CAN), Lisa Moos (D), Orange (D), Rainer von Vielen (D), Bettina Schelker (CH), Sepia (D), Shifter (AUS), Space Ritual (UK), Skywriter (DK), The Vicious Martinis (USA), White Cowbell Oklahoma (CAN), Adrian Belew (USA), Hidria Spacefolk (Finnland), Soft Machine (UK). MAXIMUM Booking is also the label management for netMusicZone Records (Rough Trade distribution).
    http://www.maximumbooking.com/

    Forum Il Nuovo Club - International Congress & Trade Show for Fitness, Wellness and Aquatic Clubs
    The congress-exposition kermis of Forum Il Nuovo Club is the main Italian business to business event of formation and adjournment for professional operators in the fitness, wellness and aquatic sectors.
    http://www.ncforum.com/

    Hans-Jörg Günther
    CEO of edditrex ltd, lecturer, author, project manager
    http://www.edditrex.de/guenther/

    http://www.paynecountyline.com
    A site promoting Oklahoma music and the artists from or playing in Oklahoma that play and create this special music. regardless of genre.
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    Smallman Records
    Indie label and management company based in Canada and presently the home of Comeback Kid, Moneen, Sylvie, Our Mercury, Ghosts of Modern Man, The Reason and Choke.
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    Partners For Architecture
    A vigilent full service Architecture, Planning & Interior Design Firm with focus on sustainable and energy-efficient design.
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    Master
    De aanbieder van praktijkgerichte masteropleidingen in Nederland Master Project Management Master Information Management Master Finance & Control Master General Management Master Mediation
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    TeleSource Communications
    Single source for communications infrastructure technology and cost management. Supplier of on-site service and refurbished equipment.
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    Katholieke Hogeschool Brugge - Oostende
    Onze hogeschool telt vier departementen, verspreid over Brugge en Oostende: Handelswetenschappen en bedrijfskunde, Gezondheidszorg, Industriële wetenschappen en technologie en Lerarenopleiding.
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    THE PUBLIC AFFAIRS MAGAZINE
    Newsinsight.net is the country's leading interactive public affairs magazine on the net. It publishes exclusive debates, special reports and features on issues related to politics, policy, business, defence and community. Newsinsight.net has an eclectic and growing readership in India and abroad. It is read by policy makers, the top corporates and government bodies. The site is exceptionally popular with researchers at reputed marketing, management, information technology, and policy-research institutes. Several internationally-reputed universities/ institutions in India and abroad recommend it.
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    RD Woodyard, Inc. Stock and Trader Subscription Service
    RD Woodyard, Inc. offers subscription service for stocks based on extensive fundamental analysis!
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    Marketleadership, the 5 forces
    Innovative leadership is needed in the changes caused by globalisation. The 5F method is a new tool and structure.
    http://www.movetoholland.nl/

    GPS vehicle Guard and Monitoring
    GuardMagic - GPS (Satellite) vehicle Guard, Monitoring and Navigation. GSM Access, Control and Monitoring System. GPS-GSM vehicles modules. GPS datalogger.GPS Vehicle Tracking, Real Time GPS, Passive GPS, Fleet Management, GPS-UHF messanger.
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    Hot Rock Productions
    Artist & Event Management
    http://hotrockproductions.co.uk/

    VPMA Virtuelle Projektmanagement-Akademie
    Cooperative self qualification of the project management by the VPMA virtual Project management academy
    http://www.vpma.de/

    INSTITUT DU SELFCOACHING
    L’Institut du Selfcoaching, une référence du coaching professionnel à Paris, vous propose ses services pour l’entreprise : coaching, formation en management, management d'équipe, coaching de ressources humaines et coaching individuel et de transition de carrière
    http://www.selfcoaching.fr/

    Top 20 Consulting Sites
    Top 20 Consulting Sites, consulting in Russia
    http://www.ercc.ru/

    Groneberg Management Consulting
    Eins unserer Kerngeschäfte ist (u.a.) die nanomolekulare Oberflächenbeschichtung von Scheiben an gepanzerten Fahrzeugen und Limousinen für Personenschutzunternehmen, Behörden und Security mit hochwertiger Nanotechnologie. Diese Unternehmen schätzen unseren Service als ganz wesentlichen Schritt der zusätzlichen Sicherheit. Aufgrund der vielen privaten Kundenanfragen tragen wir dem Rechenschaft und bieten nun auch dem Privatanwender die Möglichkeit, unsere hochwertige nanomolekulare Oberflächenbeschichtung zu nutzen.
    http://www.nano-tom.de

    Holt Software is your gateway to visit and review the outsourcing programming services and software we offer
    Holt Software is your gateway to visit and review the outsourcing programming services and software we offer. Our services include software design, website and database design, web-ready graphics, programming services in any language, including PHP, .NET, SQL database design and implementation, CMS Content Management Systems
    http://www.holtsoftware.com/

    GANYMED USA
    Up-to-date SFA solution on the market
    http://www.ganymed-usa.com

    J&J Artiestenbeheer - services for musicians
    You can call us anytime when you're stuck with Administration, Webdesign, Coaching, (road)Management, Located in the Netherlands, with enough booking contacts and venues for organising a tour throughout the Netherlands for any kind of band. J&J Artiestenbeheer, because a musician has got more important things to do!
    http://www.artiestenbeheer.nl

    Servant of the Lord: Online!
    Central Virginia's Premier Christian Online Service
    http://www.sotl.org/

    http://www.iaci-canada.com
    Accredited Unisa University offers internationally recognized higher education for a Certificate,Diploma or Degree programmes up to a doctoral level
    http://www.iaci-canada.com/

    http://www.sterling-consulting.com
    SICG - the premier consulting resource for Project Management, Enterprise Architecture, Infrastructure Systems, Collaboration and Document Management Systems. Experts in Microsoft including SharePoint, Content Management Server, SQL Server, BizTalk and more.
    http://www.sterling-consulting.com/

    World Ocean Network
    Caring for the Blue Planet, you can make a difference. The WORLD OCEAN NETWORK's mission: to inspire Public individual behaviour change and action for a more sustainable management of ocean resources.
    http://www.worldoceannetwork.com/

    Excess dB Entertainment
    Concert Listing & Management Company
    http://www.excessdb.com/

    gps fleet management
    solutions for gps fleet management:security and logistic
    http://www.wif.it/

    Fodor Human Resources Consulting Ltd.
    Simple, flexible headhunting company following the Scandinavian business concept. Founded in 1999
    http://www.fodorhr.hu/

    Commercial Real Estate & Investments in Florida at UNIWEB Commercial Inc.
    Insider tips on real estate, available local properties, company details, what every buyer should know.
    http://www.uniwebcommercial.com/

    business game and business simulation
    how can business games help me in training people for management, accounting and team building ?
    http://www.geostrat.net/

    Advice on Management
    Quotes on managerial dilemmas by famous management thinkers and business leaders.
    http://www.adviceonmanagement.com/

    MBA Controlling & Finance
    Postgraduate MBA-programme for Financial Leadership
    http://www.finance-mba.net/

    Momentum Coaching, LLC
    Momentum Coaching supports business owners and professionals in bringing their highest level of clarity, focus and strategy to the success of their businesses and lives.
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    BusinessImprovementTeam
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    Federal Emergency Management Agency -- FEMA
    Disaster mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery, education, and references.
    http://www.fema.gov/

    Society for Human Resources Management
    Home page for the Society for Human Resources Management.
    http://www.shrm.org

    Project Management Institute
    Become a member and receive PM Network magazine every month.
    http://www.pmi.org/

    Object Management Group
    Distributed object computing industry standards group founded in 1989. Defined standards include CORBA and IIOP.
    http://www.omg.org/

    Office of Personnel Management (OPM)
    Includes federal jobs listings, upcoming events, numerous humans resources reports, news releases and additional official information. OPM is the human resources agency for federal government overseeing wages, benefits, and employment.
    http://www.opm.gov

    BLM National Home Page
    The Bureau of Land Management administers 264 million acres of public lands, located primarily in the 12 Western States, containing natural, historical, cultural, recreational, and economic resources.
    http://www.blm.gov/

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