modern art

For the psychedelic rock band, see The Modern Art.'' ''For the card game by Reiner Knizia, see Modern Art (game).''Modern art is a general term, used for most of the artistic production from the late 19th century until approximately the 1970s. (Recent art production is more often called Contemporary art or Postmodern art). Modern art refers to the then new approach to art where it was no longer important to represent a subject realistically — the invention of photography had made this function of art obsolete. Instead, artists started experimenting with new ways of seeing, with fresh ideas about the nature, materials and functions of art, often moving further toward abstraction. The notion of modern art is closely related to Modernism.

History -

Roots in the 19th century - Modern art began as a Western cultureWestern movement, particularly in painting and printmaking, and then expanding to other visual arts, including sculpture and architecture in the mid-19th century. By the late 19th century, several movements which were to be influential in modern art had begun to emerge: Impressionism, centered around Paris, and Expressionism, which first emerged in Germany. The influences were varied: from exposure to Eastern decorative arts, particularly JaponismJapanese printmaking, to the colouristic innovations of Turner and Delacroix, to a search for more depiction of common life, as found in the work of painters such as Millet. At the time, the generally held belief about art is that it should be accurate in its depiction of objects, but that it should be aimed at expressing the ideal, or the domestic. Thus the most successful painters of the day worked either through commissions, or through large public exhibitions of their own work. There were official government sponsored painters' unions, and governments regularly held public exhibitions of new fine and decorative arts.Thus, breaking with idealization and depiction were not merely artistic statements, but decisions with social and economic results. These movements did not necessarily identify themselves as being associated with progress, or personal artistic freedom, but instead argued, in the style of the times, that they represented universal values and reality. The Impressionists argued that people do not see objects, but only the light which they reflect, and therefore painters should paint in natural light rather than in studios, and should capture the effects of light in their work.Impressionist artists formed a group to promote their work, which, despite internal tensions, was able to mount exhibitions. The style was adopted by artists in different nations, in preference to a "national" style. These factors established the view that it was a "movement". These traits: establishment of a working method integral to the art, establishment of a movement or visible active core of support, and international adoption, would be repeated by artistic movements in the Modern period in art.

Early 20th Century - Among the movements which flowered in the first decade of the 20th century were Fauvism, Cubism, Expressionism and futurism (art)Futurism.World War I brought an end to this phase, but indicated the beginning of a number of anti-art movements, such as Dada and the work of Marcel Duchamp, and of Surrealism. Also, artist groups like de Stijl and Bauhaus were seminal in the development of new ideas about the interrelation of the arts, architecture, design and art education.Modern art was introduced to the United States with the Armory Show in 1913, and through European artists who moved to the U.S. during World War I. It was only after World War II, though, that the U.S. became the focal point of new artistic movements. The 1950s and 1960s saw the emergence of Abstract Expressionism, Pop art, Op art and Minimal art; in the late 1960s and the 1970s, Land art, Performance art, Conceptual art and Photorealism emerged.Around that period, a number of artists and architects started rejecting the idea of "modernismthe modern" and created typically postmodern artPostmodern works.Starting from the post-World War II period, fewer artists used painting as their primary medium; instead, larger installation artinstallations and performance artperformances became widespread. Since the 1970s, new media art has become a category in itself, with a growing number of artists experimenting with technological means such as video art.

Art movements and artist groups - ''(Chronological with representative artists listed.)''

End of 19th century -

Romanticism (the Romantic movement) - Francisco de Goya, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres

Realism - Gustave Courbet

Impressionism - Edgar Degas, Édouard Manet, Claude Monet

Post-impressionism - Georges Seurat

Symbolism - Gustave Moreau

Les Nabis

Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec played a special role during this period, with their highly experimental and individual works.

Important pre- or proto-modern sculptors: Aristide Maillol, Auguste Rodin

Early 20th century (before WWI) -

Art Nouveau and national variants (Jugendstil, Modern Style, Modernisme) - Gustav Klimt

Expressionism - James Ensor, Oskar Kokoschka, Edvard Munch, Emil Nolde

Fauvism - André Derain, Henri Matisse, Maurice de Vlaminck and others

Die Brücke - Ernst Ludwig Kirchner

Blaue ReiterDer Blaue Reiter - Wassily Kandinsky, Franz Marc

Cubism - Georges Braque, Juan Gris, Fernand Léger, Pablo Picasso

Orphism - Robert Delaunay, Jacques Villon

Futurism (art)Futurism - Giacomo Balla, Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà

Russian abstraction - Naum Gabo, Wassily Kandinsky, El Lissitzky, Kasimir Malevich, Alexander Rochenko, Vladimir Tatlin

De Stijl - Theo van Doesburg, Piet Mondrian

Sculpture: Henri Matisse, Constantin Brancusi

Photography: Pictorialism, Straight photography

Between WWI and WWII -

Exploration of the fantastic - Marc Chagall, Henri Rousseau

Pittura Metafisica - Giorgio de Chirico, Carlo Carrà

Dada - Jean Arp, Marcel Duchamp, Max Ernst, Francis Picabia, Kurt Schwitters

New Objectivity, Germany - Max Beckmann, Otto Dix, George Grosz

Meanwhile, in France, artists like Henri Matisse, Amedeo Modigliani, Pablo Picasso and Chaim Soutine were part of a regression from the pre-WWI experimentation.

Surrealism - Jean Arp, Salvador Dalí, Max Ernst, René Magritte, André Masson, Joan Miró

Constructivism - Naum Gabo, László Moholy-Nagy

Bauhaus - Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee

Sculpture: Alexander Calder, Alberto Giacometti, Henry Moore, Pablo Picasso

After WWII -

Abstract expressionism - Willem de Kooning, Jackson Pollock

Color field painting - Barnett Newman, Mark Rothko

Postwar European figuration: Francis Bacon (painter)Francis Bacon, Jean Dubuffet, Alberto Giacometti, Marino Marini, Henry Moore

COBRA (avant-garde movement)COBRA - Pierre Alechinsky, Karel Appel, Asger Jorn

Pop art - Richard Hamilton (artist)Richard Hamilton, David Hockney, Jasper Johns, Roy Lichtenstein, Robert Rauschenberg, Andy Warhol

New realism - Fernando Botero, Christo and Jeanne-ClaudeChristo, Yves Klein

Hard-edge painting - Ellsworth Kelly, Kenneth Noland

Shaped canvas - Frank Stella

Op art - Victor Vasarely

Arte Povera - Luciano Fabro, Mario Merz, Marisa Merz, Michelangelo Pistoletto

Minimal art - Alexander Calder, Donald Judd, Sol LeWitt, Richard Serra

Land art - Christo and Jeanne-ClaudeChristo, Richard Long (artist)Richard Long, Robert Smithson

Photorealism - Chuck Close, Duane Hanson

Soviet art - Alexander Deineka, Alexander Gerasimov, Ilya Kabakov, Dubossarski & Winogradow, Komar & Melomid, Collective Action Group

Les Automatistes - Claude Gauvreau, Jean-Paul Riopelle, Pierre Gauvreau, Fernand Leduc, Jean-Paul Mousseau, Marcelle Ferron

Important Modern art exhibitions and museums -

Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris

documenta, five-yearly exhibition of modern and contemporary art, Kassel, Germany

Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Berlin, Las Vegas, New York, Venice

Museum of Modern Art, New York

San Francisco Museum of Modern Art

Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam

Stedelijk Museum voor Actuele Kunst, Gent, Belgium

Tate Modern, London

Venice Biennial

Walker Art Center, Minneapolis

Whitney Museum of American Art, New York

See also -

Art periods

Modern architecture

Modernism

Postmodernism

List of modern artists

For more recent developments, see: Contemporary art and Postmodern artCategory:Modern art Modern artde:Moderne Kunstel:Μοντέρνα τέχνηes:Arte modernofr:Art modernehe:אמנות מודרניתnl:Moderne kunstpt:Arte !modernazh:现代艺术tr:Moder n? sanat

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