Wikipedia
MySQL is a Thread (computer science) multithreaded, multi-user, SQL (Structured Query Language) Database Management System (DBMS) with an estimated six million installations. MySQL AB makes MySQL available as open source software / free software under the GNU General Public License (GPL), but they also sell it under traditional commercial licensing arrangements for cases where the intended use is incompatible with use of the GPL.Unlike projects such as Apache HTTP ServerApache, where the software is developed by a public community, and is essentially not owned by anyone, MySQL is owned and sponsored by a single for-profit firm, the SwedenSwedish company MySQL AB. The company develops and Software maintenancemaintains the system, selling support and service contracts, as well as commercecommercially-licensed copies of MySQL, and employing people all over the world who work together via the Internet. Two Swedes and a FinlandFinn founded MySQL AB: David Axmark, Allan Larsson, and Michael (Monty) WideniusMichael "Monty" Widenius.
Programming languages - There are APIs available that allow applications written in numerous programming languageprogramming languages to access MySQL databases, including: C programming languageC, C plus plusC++, C SharpC#, Eiffel programming languageEiffel, Smalltalk programming languageSmalltalk, Java programming languageJava (with a native Java driver implementation), Lisp programming languageLisp, Perl, PHP, Python programming languagePython, Ruby programming languageRuby, REALbasic and Tcl; each of these uses a specific API. An ODBC interface called MyODBC allows additional programming languages that support the ODBC interface to communicate with a MySQL database. MySQL is mostly implemented in ANSI C, and, that being a common "lingua franca" for system libraries, tends to use that as its "native" language.
Uses - MySQL is popular for web applicationweb applications like Wikipedia and PHP-Nuke and acts as the database component of LAMP (software bundle)LAMP. The popularity as a web application is closely tied to the popularity of PHP, which is often combined with MySQL and nicknamed the ''Dynamic Duo''. It is easy to find many references that combine the two in websites and books (''PHP and MySQL for Dummies'', ''PHP and MySQL Bible'', ''Beginning PHP and MySQL'', etc.) The claim made in many books is that MySQL is easier to learn and use than many other database applications. An example from the ''Dummies'' book is that you can quit MySQL with an obvious command of either ''exit'' or ''quit'', although this is true for many other database applications.
Administration - To administer MySQL databases you can use the included Command linecommand-line tool (commands: mysql and mysqladmin). Also downloadable from the MySQL site are Graphical user interfaceGUI administration tools: mysql.com - MySQL Administrator and mysql.com - MySQL Query Browser.A widespread and popular alternative, written in PHP, is the open source web application phpMyAdmin.
Program specifications -
Platforms - MySQL works on many different system platformplatforms—including AIX operating systemAIX, BSDi, FreeBSD, HP-UX, Linux, Mac OS X, NetBSD, Novell NetWare, OpenBSD, OS/2 Warp, QNX, Silicon GraphicsSGI IRIX, Solaris Operating EnvironmentSolaris, SunOS, SCO OpenServer, UnixWareSCO UnixWare, Tru64, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP and more recent versions of Microsoft WindowsWindows. A port of MySQL to OpenVMS is available pi-net.dyndns.org - here.
The latest production version - As of October 2005, MySQL offers production version 5.0.15. It includes the following features:A broad subset of ANSI SQL 99, as well as extensionsCross-platform supportStored proceduresDatabase triggerTriggersCursor (databases)Cursorsupdatable View_(database)ViewsTrue VARCHAR supportINFORMATION_SCHEMAStrict modeX/Open XA distributed transaction processing (DTP) support; two phase commit as part of this, using Oracle's InnoDB engineIndependent storage engines (MyISAM for read speed, InnoDB for transactions and referential integrity, Archive for storing historical data in little space)Transactions with the InnoDB, BDB and Cluster storage engines; savepoints with InnoDBSecure Sockets LayerSSL supportQuery cachingSub-Select (SQL)SELECTs (or nested SELECTs)Replication with one master per slave, many slaves per master, no automatic support for multiple masters per slave.Full-text indexing and searching using MyISAM engineEmbedded database libraryFull Unicode supportACID compliance using the InnoDB, Berkeley DBBDB and Cluster enginesShared-nothing clustering through MySQL Cluster
Future releases - MySQL 5.1 will most likely contain support for:partition_(database)PartitioningOnline backup for all storage enginesForeign key support for all storage enginesFail-safe replicationColumn-level constraints
Distinguishing features - The following features are implemented by MySQL but not by some other RDBMSes:Multiple storage engines (MyISAM, Merge, InnoDB, Berkeley DBBDB, Memory/heap, Cluster, Federated, Archive, CSV, Blackhole and Example in 5.x), letting you choose the one which is most effective for each table in the application.Commit grouping, gathering multiple transactions from multiple connections together to increase the number of commits per second.
Source Code Specifics - MySQL is written in a mixture of C and C plus plusC++. The SQL parser uses yacc and home-brewed Lex programming toollexer. A document describing some of the internal structures of the code and the coding guidelines is available from the MySQL web site.
Support - Via MySQL Network MySQL AB offers support itself, including 24/7 30 minute response time, with the support team having direct access to the developers as necessary to handle problems. In addition it hosts forums and mailing lists and employees and other users are often available in several IRC channels providing assistance.
Licensing - Both the MySQL server software itself and the client libraries are distributed under a dual-licensing format. Users may choose the GNU General Public License mysql.com, or they may choose a commercial license.Some users have independently continued to develop an earlier version of the client libraries, which was distributed under the less-restrictive Lesser General Public License. packages.debian.org
Pronunciation - "MySQL" is officially pronounced as "My Ess Queue Ell" "maɪ">maɪ - ɛs kjuː ɛl , not "My sequel" "maɪ">maɪ - siːkwəl dev.mysql.com. However, the company doesn't mind if others use either the "My sequel" form or other local variations if they are preferred by the speaker.The "My" portion of the name comes from the name of Monty's child, spelled "My" but pronounced in the local language as "Me".The "SQL" portion uses the fully spelled-out pronunciation of the Acronym and initialisminitialisation, S-Q-L, not the "sequel" pronunciation, which conflicts with the earlier IBM database of that name.faqs.orgThe Swedish (MySQL AB is a Swedish company) word "Myskväll" (cozy evening, or even My's evening, "Mys kväll") is pronounced in a similar way but this might be a coincidence. Nevertheless this pronunciation is quite usual in Sweden.
Criticisms of MySQL - Early versions of MySQL included few standard RDBMS features, and the current production version still lacks many properties found in other SQL RDBMSs. This has led some database experts, such as Christopher J. DateChris Date and Fabian Pascal, to criticize MySQL as falling short of being an RDBMS.Many of the early criticisms have been remedied in later versions of the software, including the lack of transactions and relational integrity constraints. These are features necessary to support the "ACIDACID properties" for relational databases, which allow the DBMS to ensure that client applications cannot interfere with one another or insert inconsistent values. service-architecture.com Other criticisms include MySQL's divergence from the SQL standard on the subject of treatment of NULL values and default values. Its handling of dates allows storing a date with a day beyond the last day of a month with less than 31 days, and arithmetic operations are vulnerable to either integer overflow or floating point truncation (sql-info.de). These values are treated according to the SQL standards in MySQL version 5 through the use of special dev.mysql.com - SQL Modes.Earlier versions of the MySQL manual included claims that certain missing features (considered essential for SQL-compliant RDBMSs) were useless or even harmful, and that users were better off without them. One section, entitled "Reasons NOT to use Foreign Keys constraints" (sic), advised users that relational-integrity checking was difficult to use and complicated a database application, and that its only useful purpose was to allow client software to diagram the relationships between database tables. sunsite.univie.ac.at Another section claimed that a DBMS lacking transactions can provide as reliable of data-integrity assurances as one supporting them—conflating the issue of transactional integrity with that of saving data when the database server loses power. sunsite.univie.ac.at Since these claims contradicted basic principles of relational database design, they caused MySQL to be ridiculed by some database experts. Regardless of whether they were right or not, these claims are omitted in more recent versions of the manual. MySQL today allows some support for previously-dismissed features of relational integrity checking and transactions.When the beta version of MySQL 5.0 was released in March 2005, David Axmark, a co-founder of MySQL, said that "People have been criticising MySQL since we started for not having stored procedures, triggers and views," and "We're fixing 10 years of criticism in one release." news.zdnet.co.uk MySQL 5.0's 13 October build 5.0.15 was released for production use on 24 October 2005, after more than two million downloads in the 5.0 beta cycle.Critics find MySQL's popularity surprising in the light of the existence of other open source database projects with comparable performance and in closer compliance to the SQL standards. MySQL advocates reply that the program serves its purpose for its users, who are willing to accept the program's limitations (which decrease with every major revision) in exchange for speed, simplicity and rapid development. Another, perhaps simpler, explanation for MySQL's popularity is that it is often included as a default component in low-end commercial web hosting plans, so that for application developers (mostly using PHP and Perl) MySQL is the only DBMS choice unless they want to operate their own web hosts.Some users have also criticized MySQL AB's position on the licensing of the software. A few open source projects, such as Asterisk PBX, have reduced support for MySQL because of licensing difficulties. Further, there was some controversy generated regarding the distribution of GPL'd MySQL library files with other open source applications (the biggest controversy arising with PHP, which has a license incompatible with the GPL). This was later resolved when MySQL made an exception for inclusion in open source projects.In September 2005, MySQL AB and the highly controversial company SCO_GroupSCO joined forces for "joint certification, marketing, sales, training and business development work for a commercial version of the database for SCO's new OpenServer 6 version of Unix". Various MySQL employees gave what appeared to be the company's position, that it was committed to serving end users of the database, regardless of their operating system choice, that the company would leave it to the courts to resolve the SCO licensing controversy and that other common open source databases have also been ported to and support OpenServer users.In October 2005, Oracle acquired InnoDB Oy Inc, the company responsible for the InnoDB storage engine that allows MySQL to provide such functionality as transactions and foreign keys. This will presumably lead to changes in the arrangements in its availability as, according to the oracle.com - press release, the contracts that make the company's software available to MySQL AB come up for renewal (and presumably renegotiation) some time in 2006.
Trivia - The dolphin symbol in the MySQL logo was given the Swati languageSwazi name ''Sakila'' in October 2002 after a naming contest. mysql.comMySQL was first released internally on May 23, 1995
Prominent users - Yahoo! for some data management functionsCox Communications, the fourth largest cable-television provider in the United States, has more than 3,600 tables and two billion rows of data in their databases and handles approximately four million inserts every two hours.Sabre (computer system)Sabre, and its travel reservation system TravelocityLiveJournal, around alexa.com - 300 million page views per daySlashdot, the poster child of high-traffic sites, with around alexa.com - 50 million page views per day.2005 MySQL Application of the Year winners:*CNETCNET Networks*Friendster, more than 85 million dynamic page views per day, able to support more than 1.5 billion MySQL queries per day*Wikipedia, more than 200 million queries and 1.2 million updates per day with peak loads of 11,000 queries per second
See also - List of relational database management systemsComparison of relational database management systemsMySQL ClusterODBCLAMP / WAMP
External links - mysql.com - MySQL WebsiteDocumentation:*dev.mysql.com - MySQL Manual English and in other languages: dev.mysql.com - MySQL-Referenzhandbuch, dev.mysql.com - Manuel de référence MySQL (fr), dev.mysql.com - MySQL !リファレンスマニュア ル,? dev.mysql.com - Manual de Referência do MySQL (pt), dev.mysql.com - Справочное руководство по MySQL*dev.mysql.com - MySQL Roadmap*hashmysql.org - #mysql channel documentation wiki*sql-info.de - MySQL Gotchas description of many features in MySQL, which work as advertised, but not as those used to other databases may expectThird party tools*phpMyAdmin.net - phpMyAdmin administration tool*jeremy.zawodny.com - mytop monitoring tool for unix-like operating systems*fabforce.net - fabFORCE.net DBDesigner 4*pi-net.dyndns.org - MySQL for OpenVMS*ems-hitech.com - MySQL Manager*phpMyBackupPro.net - phpMyBackupPro MySQL database backup toolPress*databasejournal.com - 2003 Database Journal roadmap of MySQL's expected feature development*databasejournal.com - Database Journal articles on MySQL*mysql.databasecorner.com - Database Corner articles on MySQLGuides*How To: sematopia.com - Install Apache, PHP, PEAR, MySQL & phpMyAdmin for Windows XP*magooswisewords.com - Magoo's MySQL Quickstart Guideca:MySQL cs:MySQL da:MySQL de:MySQL es:MySQL eo:MySQL fi:MySQL fr:MySQL he:MySQL hu:MySQLit:MySQL ja:MySQL ko:MySQL ku:MySQL lt:MySQLnl:MySQL no:MySQL pl:MySQL pt:MySQL ru:MySQL sr:MySQLsk:MySQL sv:MySQL tr:MySQL uk:MySQL th:MySQLvi:MySQL zh:MySQLCategory:Database management systems Category:Free software
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