Dictionary
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Wikipedia
This article is about nets in topological spaces and not about ε-nets in metric spaces''In topology and related areas of mathematics a net or Moore-Smith sequence is a generalization of a sequence, intended to unify the various notions of limit (mathematics)limit and generalize them to arbitrary topological spaces. Limits of nets accomplish for all topological spaces what limits of sequences accomplish for first-countable spaces such as metric spaces. A sequence is usually indexed by the natural numbers which are a totally ordered set. Nets generalize this concept by weakening the order relation on the index set to that of a directed set.Nets were first introduced by Eliakim Hastings MooreE. H. Moore and H. L. Smith in 1922. An equivalent notion, called filter (mathematics)filter, was developed in 1937 by Henri Cartan.
Definition - If ''X'' is a topological space, a ''net'' in ''X'' is a function (mathematics)function from some directed set ''A'' to ''X''.If ''A'' is a directed set, we often write a net from ''A'' to ''X'' in the form !(''x''α),? which expresses the fact that the element α in ''A'' is mapped to the element !''x''α? in ''X''. We usually use ≥ to denote the binary relation given on ''A''.
Examples - Since the natural numbers with the usual order form a directed set and a sequence is a function on the natural numbers, every sequence is a net.Another important example is as follows. Given a point ''x'' in a topological space, let N''x'' denote the set of all neighbourhood (topology)neighbourhoods containing ''x''. Then !''N''''x''''x''''S''''S''''S''''S''
Limits of nets - If !(''x''α)? is a net from a directed set ''A'' into ''X'', and if ''Y'' is a subset of ''X'', then we say that !(''x''α)? is ''eventually in'' ''Y'' if there exists an α in ''A'' so that for every β in ''A'' with β ≥ α, the point !''x''β? lies in ''Y''.If !(''x''α)? is a net in the topological space ''X'', and ''x'' is an element of ''X'', we say that the net ''converges towards x'' or ''has limit x'' and write:lim !''x''α? = ''x''if and only if:for every topological neighbourhoodneighborhood ''U'' of ''x'', !(''x''α)? is eventually in ''U''.Intuitively, this means that the values !''x''α? come and stay as close as we want to ''x'' for large enough α.Note that the example net given above on the neighbourhood system of a point ''x'' does indeed converge to ''x'' according to this definition.
Examples of limits of nets - Limits of sequences. Limits of functions of a real number real variable: lim''x'' → ''c'' ''f''(''x''). Here we direct the set R\ according to distance from ''c''. Limits of nets of Riemann sums, in the definition of the Riemann integral. In this example, the directed set is the set of partitions of the interval of integration, partially ordered by inclusion. A similar thing is done in the definition of the Riemann-Stieltjes integral.
Supplementary definitions - If ''D'' and ''E'' are directed sets, and ''h'' is a function from ''D'' to ''E'', then ''h'' is called cofinal if for every ''e'' in ''E'' there is a ''d'' in ''D'' so that if ''q'' is in ''D'' and ''q'' ≥ ''d'' then ''h''(''q'') ≥ ''e''.If ''D'' and ''E'' are directed sets, ''h'' is a cofinal function from ''D'' to ''E'', and φ is a net on set ''X'' based on ''E'', then φo''h'' is called a subnet of φ. All subnets are of this form, by definition.If φ is a net on ''X'' based on directed set ''D'' and ''A'' is a subset of ''X'', then φ is frequently in ''A'' if for every α in ''D'' there is a β in ''D'', β ≥ α so that φ(β) is in ''A''.A net φ on set ''X'' is called universal if for every subset ''A'' of ''X'', either φ is eventually in ''A'' or φ is eventually in ''X''-''A''.
Properties - Virtually all concepts of topology can be rephrased in the language of nets and limits. This may be useful to guide the intuition since the notion of limit of a net is very similar to that of limit (mathematics)limit of a sequence, which is widely used in the theory of metric spaces.A function ''f'' : ''X'' → ''Y'' between topological spaces is continuous function (topology)continuous at the point ''x'' if and only if for every net !(''x''α)? with:lim !''x''α? = ''x''we have:lim !''f''(''x''α& lt;/sub>)? = ''f''(''x'').Note that this theorem is in general not true if we replace "net" by "sequence". We have to allow for more directed sets than just the natural numbers if ''X'' is not first-countable spacefirst-countable. In general, a net in a space ''X'' can have more than one limit, but if ''X'' is a Hausdorff space, the limit of a net, if it exists, is unique. Conversely, if ''X'' is not Hausdorff, then there exists a net on ''X'' with two distinct limits.If ''U'' is a subset of ''X'', then ''x'' is in the closure (topology)closure of ''U'' if and only if there exists a net !(''x''α)? with limit ''x'' and such that !''x''α? is in ''U'' for all α.In particular, ''U'' is closed if and only if, whenever !(''x''α)? is a net with elements in ''U'' and limit ''x'', then ''x'' is in ''U''.A net has a limit if and only if all of its subnets have limits. In that case, every limit of the net is also a limit of every subnet.A space ''X'' is compact spacecompact if and only if every net !(''x''α)? in ''X'' has a subnet with a limit in ''X''. This can be seen as a generalization of the Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem and Heine-Borel theorem.In a metric space or uniform space, one can speak of ''Cauchy nets'' in much the same way as Cauchy sequences.The concept even generalises to Cauchy spaces.
See also - The theory of filter (mathematics)filters also provides a definition of ''convergence'' in general topological spaces.
Reference - E. H. Moore and H. L. Smith (1922). A General Theory of Limits. ''American Journal of Mathematics'' 44 (2), !102–121.Category:Topolog yde:Netz? !(Mathematik)ja:有向点族
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