nickel

a hard malleable ductile silvery metallic element that is resistant to corrosion

used in alloys

occurs in pentlandite and smaltite and garnierite and millerite a United States coin worth one twentieth of a dollar five dollars worth of a drug

"a nickel bag of drugs"

"a nickel deck of heroin" plate with nickel

"nickel the plate"

This article is about the element nickel. See also nickel (U.S. coin) and nickel (Canadian coin).''28 symbol=Ni name=nickel left=cobalt right=copper above=- below=palladiumPd color1=#ffc0c0 color2=black Elementbox_series transition metals 10 period=4 block=d Elementbox_appearance_img Ni,28 lustrous, metallic Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm 1 E-26 kg58.6934(2) Elementbox_econfig [argonAr] 3d⁸ 4s² Elementbox_epershell 2, 8, 16, 2 #ffc0c0 color2=black Elementbox_phase solid Elementbox_density_gpcm3nrt 8.908 Elementbox_densityliq_gpcm3mp 7.81 1728 c=1455 f=2651 3186 c=2913 f=5275 Elementbox_heatfusion_kjpmol 17.48 Elementbox_heatvaporiz_kjpmol 377.5 !Elementbox_heatcapacity_jpmolk at25? 26.07 #ffc0c0 color2=black Elementbox_crystalstruct cubic face centered Elementbox_oxistates 2, 3
(mildly base (chemistry)basic oxide) Elementbox_electroneg_pauling 1.91 Elementbox_ionizationenergies4 737.1 1753.0 3395 Elementbox_atomicradius_pm 1 E-10 m135 Elementbox_atomicradiuscalc_pm 1 E-10 m149 Elementbox_covalentradius_pm 1 E-10 m121 Elementbox_vanderwaalsrad_pm 1 E-10 m163 #ffc0c0 color2=black Elementbox_magnetic ferromagnetismferromagnetic Elementbox_eresist_ohmmat20 69.3 n !Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat3 00k? 90.9 !Elementbox_thermalexpansion_um pmkat25? 13.4 !Elementbox_speedofsound_rodmps atrt? 4900 Elementbox_youngsmodulus_gpa 200 Elementbox_shearmodulus_gpa 76 Elementbox_bulkmodulus_gpa 180 Elementbox_poissonratio 0.31 Elementbox_mohshardness 4.0 Elementbox_vickershardness_mpa 638 Elementbox_brinellhardness_mpa 700 Elementbox_cas_number 7440-02-0 nickel color1=#ffc0c0 color2=black 56 sym=Ni na=synthetic radioisotopesyn hl=1 E5 s6.075 dayd dm1=electron captureε de1=- pn1=56 ps1=cobaltCo dm2=Gamma radiationγ de2=0.158, 0.811 pn2= ps2=- 58 sym=Ni na=68.077% n=30 59 sym=Ni na=synthetic radioisotopesyn hl=1 E12 s 76000 yeary dm=ε de=- pn=59 ps=cobaltCo 60 sym=Ni na=26.233% n=32 61 sym=Ni na=1.14% n=33 62 sym=Ni na=3.634% n=34 63 sym=Ni na=synthetic radioisotopesyn hl=1 E9 s100.1 y dm=Beta decayβ^- de=0.0669 pn=63 ps=copperCu 64 sym=Ni na=0.926% n=36 Elementbox_isotopes_end #ffc0c0 color2=black Nickel is a metallic chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Ni and atomic number 28.

Notable characteristics - Nickel is a silvery white metal that takes on a high polish. It belongs to the iron group, and is hard, malleable, and ductile. It occurs combined with sulfur in millerite, with arsenic in the mineral niccolite, and with arsenic and sulfur in nickel glance.On account of its permanence in air and inertness to oxidation, it is used in the smaller coins, for plating iron, brass, etc., for chemical apparatus, and in certain alloys, as German silver. It is magnetic, and is very frequently accompanied by cobalt, both being found in meteoric iron. It is chiefly valuable for the alloys it forms.Nickel is one of the five ferromagnetic elements. Because of the precise alloy used, the US "nickel" coin is not ferromagnetic, while the Canadian coin of the same name is up to and including the year 1958.The most common oxidation state of nickel is +2, though 0, +1 and +3 Ni complexes are observed.

Applications - About 65 percent of the nickel consumed in the Western World is used to make austenitic stainless steel. Another 12 percent goes into superalloys. In the five cent coin, nickel, it is made up of only 25% nickel. The remaining 23% of consumption is divided between alloy steels, rechargeable batteries, catalysts and other chemicals, coinage, foundry products, and plating. The largest consumer of nickel is Japan, which uses 169,600 tonnes per year (2005) Fn1 .Applications include:

Stainless steel and other corrosion-resistant alloys.

Nickel steel is used for armor plates and burglar-proof vaults.

The alloy Alnico is used in magnets.

Mu-metal has an especially high Permeability (electromagnetism)magnetic permeability, and is used to screen magnetic fields.

Monel metal is a Copper_nickelcopper-nickel alloy highly resistant to corrosion, used for ship propellers, kitchen supplies, and chemical industry plumbing

Smart wire, or shape memory alloys, are used in robotics.

Rechargeable Battery (electricity)batteries, such as nickel metal hydride batteries and nickel cadmium batteries.

CoinCoinage. In the United States and Canada, nickel is used in five-Cent (currency)cent coins called Nickel (U.S. coin)nickels. See also clad.

In electroplating.

In crucibles for chemical laboratorylaboratories.

Finely divided nickel is a catalyst for hydrogenationhydrogenating vegetable oils.

History - Nickel use is ancient, and can be traced back as far as 3500 BC. Bronzes from what is now Syria had a nickel content of up to two percent. Further, there are Chinese manuscripts suggesting that "white copper" (e.g. baitung) was used in the Orient between 1400 and 1700 BC. However, because the ores of nickel were easily mistaken for ores of silver, any understanding of this metal and its use dates to more contemporary times.Minerals containing nickel (e.g. kupfernickel, or false copper) were of value for coloring glass green. In 1751, Baron Axel Frederik Cronstedt was attempting to extract copper from kupfernickel (now called niccolite), and obtained instead a white metal that he called nickel.The first nickel coin of the pure metal was made in 1881.

Biological role - Many but not all hydrogenases contain nickel in addition to iron-sulfur clusters. Nickel centers are a common element in those hydrogenases whose function is to oxidize rather than evolve hydrogen. The nickel center appears to undergo changes in oxidation state, and evidence has been presented that the nickel center might be the active site of these enzymes.A nickel-tetrapyrrole coenzyme, Co-F430, is present in the methyl CoM reductase and in methanogenic bacteria. The tetrapyrrole is intermediate in structure between porphyrin and corrin. Changes in redox state, as well as changes in nickel coordination, have recently been observed.There is also a nickel-containing carbon monoxide dehydrogenase. Little is known about the structure of the nickel site.Due to studies on chicks and rats (the latter of which are relatively close to humans genetically), nickel is apparently essential for proper liver function.

Occurrence - The bulk of the nickel mined comes from two types of ore deposits. The first are laterites where the principal ore minerals are nickeliferous limonite: (Fe,Ni)O(OH) and garnierite (a hydrous nickel silicate): !(Ni,Mg)₃₂O&l t;sub>5(OH).? The second are magmatic sulfide deposits where the principal ore mineral is pentlandite: !(Ni,Fe)₉₈.In? terms of supply, the Sudbury, OntarioSudbury region of Ontario, Canada, produces about 30 percent of the world's supply of nickel. The Sudbury deposit is located in an area with evidence of a massive meteorite impact event early in the geologic history of Earth. Other deposits are found elsewhere in Canada, as well as in Russia, New Caledonia, Australia, Cuba, and Indonesia. A recent development has been the exploitation of a deposit in western Turkey, especially convenient for European smelters, steelmakers and factories. The deposits in tropical areas are typically laterites which are produced by the intense weathering of ultramafic igneous rocks and the resulting secondary concentration of nickel bearing oxide and silicate minerals.Based on geophysicsgeophysical evidence, most of the nickel on Earth is postulated to be concentrated in the Earth's core.

Extraction and Purification - Nickel can be recovered using extractive metallurgy. Oxy-hydroxide ores are treated using hydrometallurgy, and from sulfide mineral concentrates using pyrometallurgical or hydrometallurgical techniques. Sulfide mineral concentrates are produced by applying the froth flotation process.Nickel is extracted from its ores by conventional roasting and reduction processes which yield a metal of >95% purity. Final purification to >99.99% purity is performed by reacting Nickel and carbon monoxide to form Nickel carbonyl. This gas is passed into a large chamber at a higher temperature in which tens of thousands of nickel spheres are maintained in constant motion. The Nickel carbonyl decomposes depositing pure nickel onto the nickel spheres. The resultant carbon monoxide is re-circulated through the process.The largest producer of nickel is Russia which extracts 267,000 tonnes of nickel per year. Australia and Canada are the second and third largest producers, making 207 and 189.3 thousand tonnes per year. fn1

Compounds -

Kamacite is a naturally occurring alloy of iron and nickel, usually in the proportion of 90:10 to 95:5 although impurities such as cobalt or carbon may be present. Kamacite occurs in nickel-iron meteorites.

Isotopes - Naturally occurring nickel is composed of 5 stable isotopes; 58-Ni, 60-Ni, 61-Ni, 62-Ni and 64-Ni with 58-Ni being the most abundant (68.077% natural abundance). 18 radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being 59-Ni with a half-life of 76,000 years, 63-Ni with a half-life of 100.1 years, and 56-Ni with a half-life of 6.077 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lifes that are less than 60 hours and the majority of these have half lifes that are less than 30 seconds. This element also has 1 meta state.Nickel-56 is produced in large quantities in type Ia supernovae and the shape of the light curve of these supernovae corresponds to the decay of nickel-56 to cobalt-56 and then to iron-56.Nickel-59 is a long-lived cosmogenic radionuclide with a half-life of 76,000 years. ⁵⁹Ni has found many applications in isotope geology. ⁵⁹Ni has been used to date the terrestrial age of meteorites and to determine abundances of extraterrestrial dust in ice and sediment. Nickel-60 is the daughter product of the extinct radionuclide ⁶⁰Fe (half-life = 1.5 Myr). Because the extinct radionuclide ⁶⁰Fe had such a long half-life, its persistence in solar_system materials at high enough concentrations may have generated observable variations in the isotopic composition of ⁶⁰Ni. Therefore, the abundance of ⁶⁰Ni present in extraterrestrial material may provide insight into the origin of the solar system and its early history.The isotopes of nickel range in atomic weight from 48 atomic mass unitamu (48-Ni) to 78 amu (78-Ni). Nickel-78's half-life was recently measured to be 110 milliseconds and is believed to be an important isotope involved in supernova nucleosynthesis of elements heavier than iron. skyandtelescope.com

Precautions - Exposure to nickel metal and soluble compounds should not exceed 0.05 mg/cm³ in nickel equivalents per 40-hour work week. Nickel sulfide fume and dust is believed to be carcinogencarcinogenic, and various other nickel compounds may be as well.Nickel carbonyl, !Ni(CO)₄ , is an extremely toxic gas. The toxicity of metal carbonyls is a function of both the toxicity of a metal as well as the carbonyl's ability to give off highly toxic carbon monoxide gas, and this one is no exception. It is explosive in air.sensitizationSensitized individuals may show an allergy to nickel affecting their skin. The amount of nickel which is allowed in products which come into contact with human skin is regulated by the European Union. In 2002 a report in the journal ''Nature (journal)Nature'' researchers found amounts of nickel being emitted by 1 and 2 euro coins far in excess of those standards. This is believed to be due to a galvanic reaction.

References -

periodic.lanl.gov - Los Alamos National Laboratory – Nickel

Notes -

fnb1 Production and consumption figures are from, ''The Economist: Pocket World in Figures 2005'', Profile Books (2005), ISBN 1-86197-799-9

External links - CommonsNickel

webelements.com - WebElements.com – Ni

nature.com - Article in Nature on nickel emitted by euro coins

lme.co.uk - London Metal Exchange

enickel.co.uk - European Nickel plc

www-cie.iarc.fr - IARC Monograph "Nickel and Nickel compounds"

specialmetalswelding.com - Tutorial - joining nickel alloys (pdf format)Category:Chemical elementsCategory:Transition !metalsaf:Nikkelca:Níquelcs:Ni klda:Nikkelde:Nickelet:Nikkele s:Níqueleo:Nikelofr:Nickelio: Nikelois:Nikkelit:Nichelhe:נ� �קלku:Nîkellv:Niķelislt:Ni kelishu:Nikkelmi:Konukōrekonl :Nikkelid:Nikelja:ニッケル no:Nikkelnn:Nikkeloc:Niquèlpl :Nikielpt:Níquelru:Никел ьsl:Nikeljsr:Никлfi:Nikke lisv:Nickelth:นิกเก� ��ลuk:Нікельzh:镍

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Cypress Development Corp. is a Canadian precious and base metal exploration company developing 2 gold projects in Red Lake, Ontario, Canada, and a zinc project, a silver/copper project, and 2 gold projects in Nevada, U.S.A.
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Manufacturer of Nutraceuticals, Mineral Fortifiers, Feed Additives & Speciality Chemicals
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Electro Polish Systems, Inc.
Worldwide supplier of Electropolishing solutions.
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The Francis Was Here music directory
A directory of singers and bands from around the world whom I would like to recommend.
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Nickel Creek Official Site
This site features biographies, pictures, audio clips, tour dates, and personal journals.
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Nickel Development Institute
International, non-profit organization. Provides a range of resources and advice including technical literature, guides, and application data.
http://www.nidi.org/

Wooden Nickel Historical Museum
Dedicated to making the general public more aware of the history of wooden nickels and their uses.
http://www.wooden-nickel.net/