orchestra

Dictionary


  • a musical organization consisting of a group of instrumentalists including string players seating on the main floor in a theater

    • Wikipedia


    An orchestra is a musical ensemble used most often in European classical musicclassical music. A small orchestra is called a ''chamber orchestra''.A full size orchestra may sometimes be called a "symphony orchestra" or "philharmonic orchestra"; these prefixes do not indicate any difference either to the musical instrumentinstrumental content or role of the orchestra, but can be useful to distinguish different orchestras based in the same city (for instance, the London Symphony Orchestra and the London Philharmonic Orchestra). A symphony orchestra will usually have over eighty musicians on its staff, in some cases over a hundred, but the number of musicians used in a performance varies according to the work being played. A leading chamber orchestra might be forty or fifty strong; some are much smaller than that. Orchestras sometimes use freelance musicians to enable them to perform works which require instrumentalists which they do not have on staff; not all orchestras employ a harpist for example.The typical symphony orchestra consists of four groups of musical instruments:
  • the string instrumentstrings (violins, violas, cellos, double basses),
  • the woodwind instrumentwoodwinds (flutes, piccolos, oboes, cor anglais, clarinets, bass clarinets, bassoons, contrabassoons),
  • the brass instrumentbrass (trumpets, trombones, french horns, bass trombones, tuba), and
  • the Percussion_instrumentpercussion (timpani, snare drum, bass drum, celesta, piano, etc.).Between the instrument groups and within each group of instruments, there is a generally accepted hierarchy of leadership. Every instrumental group (or section) has a principal (or soloist) who is generally responsible for playing solos within and leading the group. The violins are divided into two groups, first violin and second violin, and therefore have two principals. The principal first violin is called the concertmaster (or concertmasterleader) and is considered the leader of not only the string section, but of the entire orchestra, subordinate only to the Conductor. The principal trombone is considered the leader of the low-brass (trombone, bass-trombone, tuba) section, while the principal trumpet is generally considered the leader of the entire brass section. Similarly, the principal oboe (or sometimes the principal flute) is considered the leader of the entire woodwind section. The french horn, while technically a brass instrument, often acts in the role of both woodwind and brass. Most sections also have an Assistant principal (or Co-principal, or Associate principal), or in the case of the first violins, an Assistant concertmaster, who often plays a tutti part in addition to replacing the principal in his or her absence. A tutti (or section) player generally plays either a unique but non-solo part (in the case of winds, brass and percussion), or in unison with a group (in the case of the strings). Where a solo part is called for in a string section, for example in the violins, that part is invariably played by the section leader.In modern times, the musicians are usually directed by a Conductingconductor, although early orchestras did not have one, using instead the concertmaster or the harpsichordist playing the continuo for this role. Some modern orchestras also do without conductors, particularly smaller orchestras and those specialising in historically accurate performances of baroque music and earlier.The most frequently performed repertoire for a symphony orchestra is Western European classical musicclassical music or opera. However, orchestras are sometimes used in popular music.

    History of the orchestra - In the 15th and 16th centuries in Italy the households of nobles had musicians to provide music for dancing and the court, however with the emergence of the theatre, particularly opera, in the early 17th century, music was increasingly written for groups of players in combination: which is the origin of orchestral playing. Opera originated in Italy, and Germany eagerly followed. Dresden, Munich and Hamburg successively built opera houses, and by the end of the 17th century opera flourished in England under Henry Purcell, and in France under Jean-Baptiste LullyLully, who with the collaboration of Molière also greatly raised the status of the entertainments known as ballets, interspersed with instrumental and vocal music.In the 17th century and early 18th century instrumental groups were taken from all of the available talent. A composer such as Johann Sebastian Bach had control over almost all of the musical resources of a town, where as Handel would hire the best musicians available. This placed a premium on being able to rewrite music for whichever singers or musicians were best suited for a performance - Handel produced different versions of the ''Messiah'' oratorio almost every year.As nobility began to build retreats from towns, they began to hire standing bodies of musicians. Composers such as the young Joseph Haydn would have, then, a fixed body of instrumentalists to work with. At the same time, travelling virtuoso performers would write concerti which featured their skills, and travel from town to town, arranging concerts from whoever was there. The aristocratic orchestras worked together over long periods of time, making it possible for ensemble playing to improve over time.This change, from civic music making where the composer had some degree of time or control, to smaller court music making and one-off performance, placed a premium on music which was easy to learn, often with little or no rehearsal. The results were changes in musical style and emphasis on new techniques. Mannheim had one of the most famous orchestras of that time, where notated dynamics and phrasing, previously quite rare, became standard (see Mannheim school). It also attended a change in musical style from the complex counterpoint of the baroque period, to an emphasis on clear melody, homophonic textures, short phrases, and frequent cadences: a style which would later be defined as classical music eraclassical.Throughout the late 18th century composers would continue to have to assemble musicians for a performance, often called an "Academy", which would, naturally, feature their own compositions. In 1781, however, the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra was organized from the merchants concert society, and it began a trend towards the formation of civic orchestras which would accelerate into the 19th century. In 1818, Boston's Handel and Haydn Society was founded, in 1842 the New York Philharmonic and the Vienna Philharmonic were formed, and in 1858, the Hallé Orchestra was formed in Manchester. There had long been standing bodies of musicians around operas, but not for concert music: this situation changed in the early 19th century as part of the increasing emphasis in the composition of symphony symphonies and other purely instrumental forms. This was encouraged by composer critics such as ETA Hoffman who declared that instrumental music was the "purest form" of music. The creation of standing orchestras also resulted in a professional framework where musicians could rehearse and perform the same works over and over again, leading to the concept of a repertoire in instrumental music.In the 1830s conductor François Antoine Habeneck, in order to perform the symphonies of Beethoven, which had not been heard in their entirety in Paris, began rehearsing a selected group of musicians. He developed techniques of rehearsing the strings separately, notating specifics of performance, and other techniques of cueing entrances which were spread across Europe. His rival and friend Hector Berlioz would adopt many of these innovations in his touring of Europe.This was paralleled by a rapid standardization of instruments. The invention of the piston or valve by Stolzel and Blilmel, both Silesians, in 1815, was the first in a series of innovations, including the use of valves for the flute by Theobald Boehm and the innovations of Adolphe Sax in the woodwinds. These advances would lead Hector Berlioz to write his famous book on instrumentation, which was the first systematic treatise on the use of instrumental sound as an expressive element of music.The effect of the invention of valves was felt at once: instrument-makers in all countries helped with each other in making use of the newly refined instruments and in bringing them to perfection; and the orchestra was before long enriched by a new family of valved instruments, variously known as tubas, or euphoniums and bombardons, having a chromatic scale and a full sonorous tone of great beauty and immense volume, forming a magnificent bass. This also made possible a more uniform playing of notes or intonation, which would lead to a more and more "smooth" orchestral sound which would peak in the 1950s with Eugene Ormandy and the Philadelphia Symphony Orchestra and the conducting of Herbert von Karajan.During the transition to using these instruments, which made the performance of more difficult works easier, many composers, including Wagner and Berlioz, would demand the use of "natural" chromatic stops rather than the use of valves for their compositions. However, over time, use of the valved instruments became standard, indeed universal, until the revival of older instruments in the contemporary movement towards authentic performance (sometimes known as "historically informed performance").New orchestral effects were possible now that standing orchestras had been formed, winds and brass had been expanded, and had an increasingly easy time playing in tune with each other: particularly the ability for composers to score for large masses of wind and brass which previously had been impractical. Works such as the Requiem of Berlioz would have been impossible to perform just a few decades earlier, with its demanding parts for twenty woodwinds, as well as a gigantic brass ensemble including six horns, eight trumpets, eight trombones, and three tubas. The next major expansion of symphonic practice came, ironically, from Wagner's Bayreuth FestspielhausBayreuth orchestra, founded to play his musical dramas. Wagner needed to have a series of composers and notators for the complex scores which he wrote, and had a specific role for the conductor of an orchestra that he described in his influential work "On Conducting". This led to a revolution in orchestral practice, and set the style for orchestral performance for the next eighty years. Wagner's theories changed tempi, dynamics, bowing of string instruments and the role of principals in the orchestra. Conductors who studied his methods would go on to be influential themselves.As the early 20th century dawned, symphony orchestras were larger, better funded and better trained than ever before, and consequently composers could compose larger and more ambitious works for them. With the recording era beginning, the standard of performance reached a pinnacle, with many older conductors and composers remembering a time when simply "getting through" the music as best as possible was the standard. Since recordings could "fix" small errors in a particular studio performance, and reach people who would never have been able to travel to distant cities - the ability of listeners to compare performances across decades led to a renewed focus on particular conductors and on a high standard of orchestral execution.In the 1920s and 1930s economic and artistic considerations led to the formation of small concert societies, particularly those dedicated to the performance of music of the avant-garde, including Igor Stravinsky and Arnold Schoenberg. This tendency to start festival orchestras or dedicated groups would also be pursued in the creation of summer musical festivals, and orchestras for the performance of smaller works. Among the most influential of these was the Academy of St. Martin in the Fields under the baton of Sir Neville Marriner. With the advent of the early music movement, orchestras where players worked on execution of works in styles derived from the study of older treatises on playing became common. These include the London Classical Players under the direction of Sir Roger Norrington and the Academy of Ancient Music under Christopher Hogwood, among others. The late 20th century saw a crisis of funding and support for orchestras in the United States and, to a lesser extent, in Europe. The size and cost of a symphony orchestra, compared to the size of the base of supporters, became an issue which struck at the core of the institution. Along with the drastic falling off of revenues from recording, tied to no small extent to changes in the recording industry itself, a period of change began which has yet to reach its conclusion. Critics such as Norman Lebrecht were vocal in their diagnosis of the problem as the "jet set conductor" and the problems of orchestral repertory and management, while other music administrators such as Michael Tilson Thomas and Esa-Pekka Salonen argued that new music, new means of presenting it, and a renewed relationship with the community could revitalize the symphony orchestra.

    A Conductorless Orchestra - The post-revolutionary !Перв&# 1099;й? !Симф&# 1086;нич 77;ский ;? !Анса&# 1084;бль? (Pervyi Simfonicheskii Ansambl' - First Symphonic Ensemble) was formed in the USSR in 1922. The unusual aspect of the orchestra was that, believing that in the ideal Marxist state all men are equal, its members felt that there was no need to be led by the dictatorial baton of a Conductingconductor; instead they were led by a committee. Although it was a partial success, the principal difficulty with the concept was in changing tempo. The orchestra survived for ten years and had to be disbanded only when the individual talents began to rebel against the rigid control under which they were expected to play.Some ensembles, such as the Orpheus Ensemble, based in New York City, have had more success, although decisions are likely to be deferred to some sense of leadership within the ensemble (for example, the principal wind and string players).Others have returned to the tradition of a principal player, usually a violinist, being the artistic director and running rehearsals (such as the Australian Chamber Orchestra).

    List of orchestras - This list contains orchestras with entries in the Wikipedia plus other particularly noted orchestras. There is also a list of notable orchestrassummative list of notable orchestras worldwide. See the :Category:OrchestrasOrchestras category for entries that may not be included here.

    Australia -
  • Adelaide Symphony Orchestra
  • Adelaide Youth Orchestra
  • Australian Chamber Orchestra
  • Australian Youth Orchestra
  • Melbourne Symphony Orchestra
  • Sydney Symphony Orchestra
  • Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra
  • The Queensland Orchestra
  • West Australian Symphony Orchestra

    Austria -
  • Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra
  • Vienna Symphony Orchestra

    Asia -
  • Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra - Hong Kong
  • Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra malaysianphilharmonic.com
  • Singapore Symphony Orchestra - Singapore

    Brazil -
  • São Paulo State SymphonySão Paulo State Symphony Orchestra osesp.art.br - official site

    Canada -
  • Calgary Philharmonic Orchestra (also known as the CPO) cpo-llive.com - official site
  • CBC Radio Orchestra
  • edmontonsymphony.com - Edmonton Symphony Orchestra (official site)
  • Orchestre Symphonique de Montreal (also known as the OSM) osm.ca - official site
  • kanatasymphony.ca - Kanata Symphony Orchestra] (official site)
  • !manitobachamberorchestra.org - Manitoba Chamber Orchestra (official site)
  • National Arts Centre Orchestra nac-cna.ca - official site
  • symphonynb.com - Symphony New Brunswick (official site)
  • nso-music.com - Newfoundland Symphony Orchestra (official site)
  • symphonynovascotia.ca - Symphony Nova Scotia (official site)
  • ottawasymphony.com - Ottawa Symphony Orchestra (also known as the OSO) (official site)
  • peisymphony.com - Prince Edward Island Symphony Orchestra (official site)
  • Orchestre Symphonique de Québec osq.qc.ca - official site
  • !reginasymphonyorchestra.sk.ca< /a> - Regina Symphony Orchestra (official site)
  • rcmusic.ca - Royal Conservatory Orchestra (official site)
  • saskatoonsymphony.org - Saskatoon Symphony] (official site)
  • Toronto Philharmonia (formerly the North York Symphony) torontophil.on.ca - official site
  • Toronto Symphony Orchestra (also known as the TSO) tso.on.ca - official site
  • Vancouver Symphony Orchestra (also known as the VSO) vancouversymphony.ca - official site
  • victoriasymphony.bc.ca - Victoria Symphony Orchestra (official site)
  • Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra (also known as the WSO) wso.mb.ca - official site

    Czech Republic -
  • Czech Philharmonic Orchestra ceskafilharmonie.cz - official site
  • Prague Philharmonic Orchestra praguephilharmonic.org - official site

    France -
  • Orchestre du Conservatoire de Paris
  • Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio-France radiofrance.fr - official site
  • Orchestre National de France radiofrance.fr - official site
  • Orchestre de Paris orchestredeparis.com - official site
  • Orchestre Lamoureux orchestrelamoureux.com - official site

    Germany -
  • Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra
  • Dresden Staatskapelle
  • Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra
  • Münchner Philharmoniker !muenchnerphilharmoniker.de - official site
  • Muchener Bach-Orcester
  • Staatskapelle Berlin staatsoper-berlin.org - official site
  • Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra
  • Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra br-online.de - official site

    Italy -
  • La ScalaOrchestra of La Scala
  • Camerata de' Bardi

    The Netherlands -
  • Concertgebouworkest
  • Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra

    Poland -
  • Polska Filharmonia Bałtycka

    Russia -
  • St. Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra
  • Russian National Orchestra

    Scandinavia -
  • Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra filharmonien.no - official site - Bergen, Norway
  • Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra - Sweden
  • Kristiansand Symphony Orchestra - Kristiansand, Norway
  • Lahti Orchestra - Finland
  • Oslo Philharmonic Orchestra - Oslo, Norway
  • Stavanger Symphony Orchestra - Stavanger, Norway
  • Trondheim Symphony Orchestra - Trondheim, Norway

    South Africa -
  • Johannesburg Philharmonic Orchestra

    Switzerland -
  • Sinfonieorchester Basel
  • Suisse Romande Orchestra

    Turkey -
  • Presidential Symphony Orchestra - Ankara
  • Bilkent Symphony Orchestra - Ankara
  • Istanbul State Symphony Orchestra
  • Borusan Istanbul Philharmonic Orchestra
  • Izmir State Symphony Orchestra
  • Dokuz Eylul University Symphony Orchestra - Izmir
  • Eskisehir Metropolitan Municipality Symphony Orchestra
  • Anadolu Symphony Orchstra - Eskisehir
  • Antalya State Symphony Orchestra
  • Bursa State Symphony Orchestra
  • Cukurova State Symphony Orchestra

    United Kingdom -
  • Academy of Ancient Music
  • Academy of St. Martin in the Fields
  • Birmingham Contemporary Music Group
  • Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra
  • BBC Concert Orchestra
  • BBC National Orchestra of Wales
  • BBC Philharmonic
  • BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra
  • BBC Symphony Orchestra
  • Camerata of London
  • City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra
  • City of London Sinfonia
  • English Chamber Orchestra
  • Halle OrchestraHallé Orchestra
  • London Symphony Orchestra
  • London Philharmonic Orchestra
  • Manchester Camerata
  • Northern Sinfonia
  • Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment
  • Philharmonia
  • Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra
  • Royal Philharmonic Orchestra
  • Royal Scottish National Orchestra
  • Scottish Chamber Orchestra
  • Ulster Orchestra

    United States -
  • Alabama Symphony Orchestra
  • Anchorage Symphony Orchestra (Anchorage, Alaska)
  • Anchorage Youth Symphony
  • Atlanta Symphony Orchestra
  • Baltimore Symphony Orchestra
  • Boston Symphony Orchestra
  • Chamber Orchestra of Philadelphia
  • Chicago Symphony Orchestra
  • Chicago Youth Symphony Orchestras
  • Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra
  • Cleveland Orchestra
  • Colorado Symphony Orchestra
  • Columbia Symphony Orchestra
  • Columbus Symphony Orchestra
  • Concord Chamber Orchestra (Milwaukee, Wisconsin)
  • Dallas Symphony Orchestra
  • Detroit Symphony Orchestra
  • Florida Orchestra
  • Florida Symphony Youth Orchestra
  • Greater Boston Youth Symphony Orchestras
  • Harvard Radcliffe Orchestra
  • Houston Symphony Orchestra
  • Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra
  • Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra
  • Los Angeles daKAH hip hop orchestra
  • Louisville Orchestra
  • Memphis Symphony Orchestra
  • Minnesota Orchestra formerly Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra
  • National Symphony Orchestra of Washington, DC
  • NBC Symphony Orchestra
  • New Bedford Symphony Orchestra
  • New Trinity Baroque (on period instruments)
  • New World Symphony Orchestra (a training orchestra)
  • New York Philharmonic
  • Oregon Symphony Orchestra
  • Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra
  • Philadelphia Orchestra
  • Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra
  • Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra
  • Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra (Saint Paul, Minnesota)
  • San Diego Symphony
  • San Francisco Chamber Orchestra
  • San Francisco Symphony
  • Seattle Symphony Orchestra
  • Spokane Symphony
  • Syracuse Symphony Orchestra
  • Tallahassee Symphony Orchestra

    Other -
  • Israel Philharmonic Orchestra - Israel
  • Flemish Radio Orchestra - Belgium

    See also -
  • List of conductors

    Other meanings - In ancient Greece the orchestra was the space between the auditorium and the proscenium (or stage), in which were stationed the chorus and the musicianinstrumentalists. This is how the modern orchestra got its name.In some theaters, the orchestra is the area of seats directly in front of the stage (called "primafila" or "platea"); the term more properly applies to the place in a theatre, or concert hall set apart for the musicians.

    External links -
  • mti.dmu.ac.uk - The Orchestra: A User's Manual - A fairly concise overview, including detailed video interviews with players of each instrument and various resources
  • orcheseek.fc2web.com - orcheseek - professional orchestras' links of all over the world
  • artofthestates.org - Art of the States: Orchestra works for orchestra by American !composersCategory:Orchestras!*da:Orkesterde:Orchesterel:Σ μφωνική? !ορχήστραes:Orquestafr: Orchestreko:관현악단hr:Ork estarit:Orchestrahu:Zenekarnl: Orkestja:オーケストラpl: Orkiestrapt:Orquestrasl:Orkest ersr:Оркестарsv:Orkest erth:วงออร์เค ตราzh:交響樂團

    • Websites


    Conductor Kasper Beck Hemmingsen
    Kasper Beck Hemmingsen, choral and orchestral conductor. Educated at the Music Academy of North Jutland by Søren Birch, Jørgen Fuglebæk, and Flemming Vistisen.
    http://www.k-b-h.dk/

    Denver Young Artists Orchestra
    The DYAO is the premier youth orchestra of the Rocky Mountain region. Its mission is to sustain a youth orchestra of the highest quality, which provides encouragement, educational and performance opportunities to its members, and inspiration to the community.
    http://www.dyao.org/

    Edward Hines Music
    Sheet music, e-music, CDs, free MP3 downloads; new challenges for orchestral instruments; art music for kids; outstanding Mid-East folk music recordings; home of the world music group ANATOLIA
    http://www.hinesmusic.com/

    Borgato handcrafted concert grand pianos
    Borgato dal 1990 costruisce pianoforti gran coda dotandoli di 4 corde percosse per nota da metà tastiera agli acuti. Nel 2000 presenta al pubblico il primo doppio pianoforte gran coda da concerto con pedaliera di 37 note. Since 1990 Luigi Borgato handcrafts concert grand piano with 4 struck strings per note in the 44 keys of the upper register keyboard. In 2000 he presented to public the first double concert grand piano with pedalboard of 37 notes
    http://www.borgato.it/ http://www.borgato.eu

    InsiderEntertainment.com
    InsiderEntertainment.com ~ the premier creative online manual for metropolitan individuals seeking entertainment and enjoyment in their professional, social and cultural endeavours.
    http://www.insiderentertainment.com/

    Cheryl Porter Official Website
    Website of internationally acclaimed singer Cheryl Porter. With a rich and powerful voice deeply rooted in the Spirituals tradition, her albums range from Gospel, Jazz, Folk, Inspirational and classical.
    http://www.cherylporter.net

    Summertime Collection
    More than 3000 different cover versions of the Gershin-classic Summertime from the opera Porgy & Bess.
    http://www.summertime-collection.com/

    I Fiati di Parma
    The website of the italian wind chamber orchestra I Fiati di Parma (Parma Winds)
    http://www.fiatidiparma.com/

    Jazz from Berlin: Oli Bott - Vibraphone and Composition
    The official Oli Bott - Jazz from Berlin - Homepage! Vibraphonist and Composer: all Bands, Concertdates, Pressquotes, Prizes and Awards, CD-Shop, News and Contact.
    http://www.olibott.com/

    Tyalgum Press
    Publishers of the music of contemporary British composer Will Todd.
    http://www.tyalgumpress.com/

    Mingusongs Publications
    Publishing company set up by multi-instrumentalist Paul Tkachenko www.tkachenko.co.uk
    http://mingusongs.co.uk/

    James Gerard Orchestra
    Exceptional Live Entertainment
    http://www.jamesgerard.com/

    All About Beethoven
    Dedicated to Ludwig van Beethoven, the site offers the reader detailed information regarding the life, music and existence of the great composer.
    http://www.all-about-beethoven.com/

    Blasmusikzug Wingst
    We are a traditional German marching band. Especially famous in north Germany. If you like to learn more 'bout us, please vitit our website.
    http://www.blasmusikzug-wingst.de/

    Duxford Saturday Workshop
    Duxford Saturday Workshop is a charity that promotes the performing arts to children and adults. Since its modest beginnings it now boasts a membership of over 300 adults and children. Members are able to benefit from instrumental tuition and participate in a number of ensembles; wind bands, orchestra, jazz band, string orchestra, several recorder bands as well as a 4-part choir and children's musical theatre group.
    http://duxfordsaturdayworkshop.org.uk/

    Musicamedia
    easy arrangements of popular, classical and modern melodies for scholastic orchestras with recorders, xylophone, guitar, keyboard and percussions
    http://www.musicamedia.it/

    Musikverein Wipperfürth
    Der Muskiverein Wipperfürth besteht auf über 60 Holz- und Blechbläsern und Schlagzeugern. Mehr auf unserer Homepage.
    http://www.mvwipperfuerth.de/

    Komodo Recording Studio
    We are a leading recording studio in N. Ireland dealing with location and studio recording. Running Pro-Tools 7 HD for recording and Samplitude for mastering, we deliver a very high quality product. Equipment inlcudes PT HD7, Focusrite ISA 428, CLM dynamics, LA Audio preamps & Audient preamps, Soundfield stereo mic, AKG 414s BULS + TLII, 4000b, D112 and many others. Amps include 4*12 cab, Ampeg SVTII pro all valve bass head + 8*10 cab, organs etc. etc. Please phone to book a free visit.
    http://www.komodorecordings.com/

    Edizioni Armelin Musica Padova
    Italian publisher specialist in organ, harpsichor music. Also in catalog music for piano, strings, wind, vocal, music.
    http://www.armelin.it/

    Calvary Steel Orchestra
    Calvary Steel Orchestra is a gospel steel drum band formed in 1972 to proclaim the gospel of Jesus Christ while utilizing the most recently invented instrument of the twentieth century.
    http://www.calvarysteelband.com/

    Vienna Imperial Orchester
    “Es gibt nur a Kaiserstadt - es gibt nur a Wien”, so Walzerkönig Johann Strauss, Sinnbild der “Wiener Musik”. Die Imperial Classic Gala bietet ein Programm weltbekannter Meisterwerke österreichischer Komponisten. Begleitet von Wiener Opernsängern und einem bezaubernden Ballettpaar, präsentiert das Wiener Imperial Orchester diese „charmanteste“ Musik in einem der prunkvollsten Bauten der Kaiserzeit. „There is only one imperial city – there is only one Vienna“, said Johann Strauss, „the king of waltz “ and symbol of the „viennese music“. The Imperial Classic Gala presents the masterworks of renowned austrian composers. Accompanied by viennese opera singers, the Vienna Imperial Orchestra interprets this „most charming“ music in one of the most magnificent buildings of the imperial era.
    http://www.imperial-classic.at/

    Boston Symphony Orchestra
    Information about Boston Symphony and Boston Pops orchestras, Symphony Hall in Boston, and Tanglewood.
    http://www.bso.org/

    Philadelphia Orchestra
    Includes schedule and ticket information.
    http://www.philorch.org/

    Cleveland Orchestra
    Provides concert and ticket information.
    http://www.clevelandorch.com/

    London Symphony Orchestra
    Resident orchestra at The Barbican. Information on their concert schedule, recordings, and ticketing.
    http://www.lso.co.uk/

    Philharmonia Orchestra
    Resident orchestra at the Royal Festival Hall. Concert and tour schedules, with information on theri recordings and their music education program.
    http://www.philharmonia.co.uk/
    Personal tools
    • DirPedia.com
      • - combining a dictionary, an encyclopedia and a web directory