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a dark oil consisting mainly of hydrocarbons
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pumping an oil well near Sarnia, Ontario, 2001]] Petroleum (from Greek language Greek ''petr'' – rock (geology)rock and ''oleum'' – oil), crude oil, sometimes colloquially called ''black gold'', is a thick, dark brown or greenish liquid. A widely believed myth is that the oil itself is flammable, however it is actually the gas that evaporates from the oil that is flammable. Petroleum exists in the upper strata of some areas of the Earth's Crust (geology)crust. Another name is naphtha, from Persian languagePersian ''naft'' or ''nafátá'' (to flow). It consists of a complex mixture of various hydrocarbonhydrocarbons, largely of the alkane series, but may vary much in appearance, composition, and purity. Petroleum is used mostly, by volume, for producing fuel oil, which is an important "primary energy" source (iea.org - IEA Key World Energy Statistics). Petroleum is also the raw material for many chemical products, including solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, and plastics.
Origin -
Biogenic theory - Most geologygeologists view crude oil, like coal and natural gas, as the product of diagenesiscompression and heating of ancient vegetation over geological time scales. According to this theory, it is formed from the decayed remains of prehistoryprehistoric marine animals and terrestrial plants. Over many centurycenturies this organic matter, mixed with mud, is buried under thick sedimentary layers of material. The resulting high levels of heat and pressure cause the remains to metamorphose, first into a waxy material known as kerogen, and then into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons in a process known as catagenesis (geology)catagenesis. These then migrate through adjacent rock layers until they become trapped underground in poreporous rocks called reservoirs, forming an oil field, from which the liquid can be extracted by drilling and pumping.These reactions are thought to be very temperature sensitive: reactions that produce recognizable oil start to occur at about 130 °C, and those that continue the breakdown of oil to natural gas start to occur at about 180 °C. The range of 130 - 150 °C is generally considered the "oil window". Though this corresponds to different depths for different locations around the world, a 'typical' depth for an oil window might be 4 - 5 km. Three conditions must be present for oil reservoirs to form: a rich source rock, a migration conduit, and a trap (seal) that forms the reservoir. The reactions that produce oil and natural gas are often modeled as first order breakdown reactions, where kerogen breaks down to oil and natural gas by a large set of parallel reactions, and oil eventually breaks down to natural gas by another set of reactions.
Abiogenic theory - Thomas Gold was the most widely known Western worldWestern proponent of the RussiaRussian-UkraineUkrainian theory of abiogenic petroleum origin. This theory suggests that large amounts of carbon exist naturally in the planet, some in the form of hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are less dense than aqueous pore fluids, and migrate upward through deep fracture networks. extremophileThermophilic, rock-dwelling microorganismmicrobial life-forms are in part responsible for the biomarkers found in petroleum. However, their role in the formation, alteration, or contamination of the various hydrocarbon deposits is not yet understoodrefKenney2001 . Thermodynamic calculationsrefKenney2002 and experimental studies confirm that n-alkanes (common petroleum components) do not spontaneously evolve from methane at pressures typically found in sedimentary basins, and so the theory of an abiogenic origin of hydrocarbons suggests deep generation (below 200 km) (see gasresources.net - results).
Composition - In refining, the component chemicals of petroleum are separated by fractional distillation, which is a separation based on relative boiling points (or equivalently relative volatility). The different products (in order of boiling points) include light gases (e.g. methane, ethane, propane), gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, diesel, gasoil, paraffin wax, and asphalt. Subtler techniques, such as gas chromatography, HPLC, and GC-MS, can separate some fractions of petroleum into individual compounds; these are analytical chemistry methods used mainly in quality control in oil refineryrefineries.Strictly speaking, petroleum consists of hydrocarbons (compounds of hydrogen and carbon) and non-hydrocarbon fractions, which might also include nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, or traces of metals such as vanadium or nickel, such chemical elementelements often constituting less than 1% of the whole.The four lightest alkanes — CH4 (methane), !C2H< sub>6? (ethane), !C3H< sub>8(propane)? and !C4H< sub>10? (butane) — are all gases, boiling at -161.6 °C, -88.6 °C, -42 °C, and -0.5 °C, respectively (-258.9°, -127.5°, -43.6°, and +31.1° F). Crude oil is non-polar.The chains in the C5-7 range are all light, easily vaporized, clear naphthanaphthas. They are used as solvents, dry cleaning fluids, and other quick-drying products. The chains from !C6H< sub>14? through !C12H< ;sub>26? are blended together and used for gasoline. Kerosene is made up of chains in the C10 to C15 range, followed by diesel fuel/heating oil (C10 to C20) and heavier fuel oils as the ones used in ship engines. These petroleum compounds are all liquid at room temperature.lubricantLubricating oils and semi-solid greases (including Vaseline®) range from C16 up to !C20.Cha ins? above C20 form solids, starting with paraffin wax, then tar and asphaltic bitumen.Boiling ranges of petroleum atmospheric pressure distillation fractions in degrees Celsius: petrol ether: 40 - 70 °C (used as solvent) light petrol: 60 - 100 °C (automobile fuel) heavy petrol: 100 - 150 °C (automobile fuel) light kerosene: 120 - 150 °C (household solvent and fuel) kerosene: 150 - 300 °C (jet engine fuel) gasoil: 250 - 350 °C (diesel fuel/ heating) lubrication oil: > 300 °C (engine oil) remaining fractions: tar, asphalt, residual fuel
Extraction - Generally the first stage in the extraction of crude oil is to drill a well into the underground reservoir. Historically, in the USA some oil fields existed where the oil rose naturally to the surface, but most of these fields have long since been depleted, except for certain remote locations in Alaska. Often many wells (called ''multilateral wells'') will be drilled into the same reservoir, to ensure that the extraction rate will be economically viable. Also, some wells (''secondary wells'') may be used to pump water, steam, acids or various gas mixtures into the reservoir to raise or maintain the reservoir pressure, and so maintain an economic extraction rate.If the underground pressure in the oil reservoir is sufficient, then the oil will be forced to the surface under this pressure. Gaseous fuels or natural gas are usually present, which also supplies needed underground pressure. In this situation it is sufficient to place a complex arrangement of valves (the Christmas tree (oilfield)Christmas tree) on the well head to connect the well to a Pipeline transportpipeline network for storage and processing. This is called primary oil recovery. Usually, only about 20% of the oil in a reservoir can be extracted this way.Over the lifetime of the well the pressure will fall, and at some point there will be insufficient underground pressure to force the oil to the surface. If economical, and it often is, the remaining oil in the well is extracted using secondary oil recovery methods ''(see: energy balance and net energy gain)''. Secondary oil recovery uses various techniques to aid in recovering oil from depleted or low-pressure reservoirs. Sometimes pumps, such as nodding donkeybeam pumps and Electrical Submersible Pumpselectrical submersible pumps (ESPs), are used to bring the oil to the surface. Other secondary recovery techniques increase the reservoir's pressure by Water injection (oil production)water injection, gas reinjectionnatural gas reinjection and Gas Liftgas lift, which injects air, carbon dioxide or some other gas into the reservoir. Together, primary and secondary recovery allow 25% to 35% of the reservoir's oil to be recovered.Tertiary oil recovery reduces the oil's viscosity to increase oil production. Tertiary recovery is started when secondary oil recovery techniques are no longer enough to sustain production, but only when the oil can still be extracted profitably. This depends on the cost of the extraction method and the current price of crude oil. When prices are high, previously unprofitable wells are brought back into production and when they are low, production is curtailed. Thermally-enhanced oil recovery methods (TEOR) are tertiary recovery techniques that heat the oil and make it easier to extract. Steam injection is the most common form of TEOR, and is often done with a cogeneration plant. In this type of cogeneration plant, a gas turbine is used to generate electricity and the waste heat is used to produce steam, which is then injected into the reservoir. This form of recovery is used extensively to increase oil production in the San Joaquin Valley, which has very heavy oil, yet accounts for 10% of the United States' oil production. In-situ burning is another form of TEOR, but instead of steam, some of the oil is burned to heat the surrounding oil. Occasionally, detergents are also used to decrease oil viscosity. Tertiary recovery allows another 5% to 15% of the reservoir's oil to be recovered.
Alternate means of producing oil - As oil prices continue to escalate, other alternatives to producing oil have been gaining importance. The most viable of these is the coal to oil process, known as the Fischer-Tropsch process, that aims to convert coal into crude oil. It was a concept pioneered in Nazi Germany when imports of petroleum were restricted due to war and Germany found a method to extract oil from coal. It was known as ''Ersatz'' ("substitute" in German languageGerman), and accounted for nearly half the total oil used in WWII by Germany. However, the process was used only as a last resort as naturally occurring oil was much cheaper. As crude oil prices increase, the cost of coal to oil conversion becomes comparatively cheaper.The method involves converting high ash coal into synthetic oil in a multistage process. Ideally, a ton of coal produces nearly 200 liters of crude, with by-products ranging from tar to Abundance of the chemical elementsrare chemicals.Currently, two companies have commercialised their Fischer-Tropsch technology. shell.com.my - Shell in Bintulu, Malaysia, uses natural gas as a feedstock, and produces primarily low-sulfur diesel fuels. sasol.com - Sasol in South Africa uses coal as a feedstock, and produces a variety of synthetic petroleum products.The process is today used in South Africa to produce most of the country's diesel fuel from coal by the company Sasol. The process was used in South Africa to meet its energy needs during its isolation under Apartheid. This process has received renewed attention in the quest to produce low sulfur diesel fuel in order to minimize the environmental impact from the use of diesel engines.
History - The first oil wells were drilled in China in the 4th century or earlier. They had depth of up to 800 feet and were drilled using drill bitbits attached to bamboo poles. The oil was burned to evaporate brine and produce sodium chloridesalt. By the 10th century, extensive bamboo pipelines connected oil wells with salt springs.Ancient Persian tablets indicate the medicinal and lighting uses of petroleum in the upper echelons of their society.In the 8th century, the streets of the newly-constructed Baghdad were paved with tar, derived from easily-accessible petroleum from natural fields in the region. In the 9th century, oil fields were exploited in Baku, Azerbaijan, to produce naphtha. These fields were described by the geographer Masudi in the 10th century, and by Marco Polo in the 13th century, who described the output of those wells as hundreds of shiploads. ''(See also: Timeline of Islamic science and technology.)''The modern worldmodern history of oil began in 1853, with the discovery of the process of oil distillation. Crude oil was distilled into kerosene by Ignacy Lukasiewicz, a PolandPolish scientist. The first "rock oil" mine was created in Bobrka, near Krosno in southern Poland in the following year and the first refinery (actually a distillery) was built in Ulaszowice, also by Lukasiewicz. These discoveries rapidly spread around the world, and Meerzoeff built the first Russian refinery in the mature oil fields at Baku in 1861. , 1938]]The first modern oil well was drilled in 1848 by Russian engineer F.N. Semyenov, on the Aspheron Peninsula north-east of Baku.The first commercial oil well drilled in North America was in Oil Springs, Ontario, Canada in 1858, dug by James Miller Williams. The American petroleum industry began with Edwin Drake's discovery of oil in 1859, near Titusville, Pennsylvania. The industry grew slowly in the 1800s, driven by the demand for kerosene and oil lamps. It became a major national concern in the early part of the 20th century; the introduction of the internal combustion engine provided a demand that has largely sustained the industry to this day. Early "local" finds like those in Pennsylvania and Ontario were quickly exhausted, leading to "oil booms" in Texas, Oklahoma, and California. By 1910, significant oil fields had been discovered in Canada (specifically, in the province of Alberta), the Dutch East Indies (1885, in Sumatra), Persian EmpirePersia (1901, in Masjed Soleiman), Peru, Venezuela, and Mexico, and were being developed at an industrial level.Even until the mid-(1950s), coal was still the world's foremost fuel, but oil quickly took over. Following the 1973 energy crisis and the 1979 energy crisis there was significant media coverage of oil supply levels. This brought to light the concern that oil is a limited resource that will eventually run out, at least as an economically viable energy source. At the time, the most common and popular predictions were always quite dire, and when they did not come true, many dismissed all such discussion. The future of petroleum as a fuel remains somewhat controversial. ''USA Today'' news (2004) reports that there are 40 years of petroleum left in the ground. Some would argue that because the total amount of petroleum is finite, the dire predictions of the 1970s have merely been postponed. Others argue that technology will continue to allow for the production of cheap hydrocarbons and that the earth has vast sources of unconventional petroleum reserves in the form of tar sands, bitumen fields and oil shale that will allow for petroleum use to continue for an extremely long period in the future.Today, about 90% of vehicular fuel needs are met by oil. Petroleum also makes up 40% of total energy consumption in the United States, but is responsible for only 2% of electricity generation. Petroleum's worth as a portable, dense energy source powering the vast majority of vehicles and as the base of many industrial chemicals makes it one of the world's most important commoditycommodities. Access to it was a major factor in several military conflicts, including World War II and the Persian Gulf War. About 80% of the world's readily accessible reserves are located in the Middle East, with 62.5% coming from the Arab 5: Saudi Arabia (12.5%), UAE, Iraq, Qatar and Kuwait. The USA has less than 3%.
Environmental effects - The presence of oil has significant societysocial and environmental impacts, from accidents and routine activities such as seismologyseismic exploration, drilling, and generation of pollutionpolluting wastes. Oil extraction is costly and sometimes environmentally damaging, although John HuntDr. John Hunt from Woods Hole pointed out in a 1981 paper that over 70% of the reserves in the world are associated with visible macroseepages, and many oil fields are found due to natural leaks. Offshore exploration and extraction of oil disturbs the surrounding marine environment. Extraction may involve dredging, which stirs up the seabed, killing the sea plants that marine creatures need to survive. Crude oil and refined fuel spills from tanker (ship)tanker ship accidents have damaged fragile ecosystems in Alaska, the Galapagos Islands, Spain, and many other places. Burning oil releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which is thought to contribute to global warming. Per energy unit, oil produces less CO2 than coal, but more than natural gas. However, oil's unique role as a transportation fuel makes reducing its CO2 emissions a particularly thorny problem; amelioration strategies such as carbon sequestering are generally geared for large power plants, not individual tailpipes. Renewable energy source alternatives do exist, although the degree to which they can replace petroleum and the possible environmental damage they may cause are uncertain and controversial. Sun, wind, geothermal, and other renewable electricity sources cannot directly replace high energy density liquid petroleum for transportation use; instead automobiles and other equipment must be altered to allow using electricity (in battery (electricity)batteries) or hydrogen (via fuel cells or internal combustion) which can be produced from renewable sources. Other options include using biomass-origin liquid fuels (ethanol, biodiesel). Any combination of solutions to replace petroleum as a liquid transportation fuel will be a very large undertaking.
Future of oil - ''Main article: Hubbert Peak''The Hubbert peak theory, also known as ''peak oil'', is a theory concerning the long-term rate of production of conventional oil and other fossil fuels. It assumes that oil reserves are not replenishable (i.e. that abiogenic replenishment is negliable), and predicts that future world oil production must inevitably reach a peak and then decline as these reserves are exhausted. Controversy surrounds the theory, as predictions for when the global peak will actually take place are highly dependent on the past production and discovery data used in the calculation.The issue can be considered from the point of view of individual regions or of the world as a whole. Originally M. King Hubbert noticed that the ''discoveries'' in the United States had peaked in the early 1930s, and concluded that ''production'' would then peak in the early 1970s. His prediction turned out to be correct, and after the US peaked in 1971 - and thus lost its excess production capacity - OPEC was finally able to manipulate oil prices, which led to the oil crisis in 1973. Since then, most other countries have also peaked: Britain's North Sea, for example in late 1990s. China has confirmed that two of its largest producing regions are in decline, and Mexico's national oil company, Pemex, has announced that Cantarell Field, one of the world's largest offshore fields, is expected to peak in 2006, and then decline 14% per annum.For various reasons (perhaps most importantly the lack of transparency in accounting of global oil reserves), it is difficult to predict the oil peak in any given region. Based on available production data, proponents have previously (and incorrectly) predicted the peak for the world to be in years 1989, 1995, or 1995-2000. However these predictions date from before the recession of the early 1980s, and the consequent reduction in global consumption, the effect of which was to delay the date of any peak by several years. A new prediction by Goldman Sachs picks 2007 for oil and some time later for natural gas. Just as the 1971 U.S. peak in oil production was only clearly recognized after the fact, a peak in world production will be difficult to discern until production clearly drops off.One signal is that 2005 saw a dramatic fall in announced new oil projects coming to production from 2008 onwards. Since it takes on average four to six years for a new project to start producing oil, in order to avoid the peak, these new projects would have to not only make up for the depletion of current fields, but increase total production annually to meet increasing demand.
Classification - The oil industry classifies "crude" by the location of its origin (e.g., "West Texas Intermediate, WTI" or "Brent") and often by its relative weight (API gravity) or viscosity ("light", "intermediate" or "heavy"); refiners may also refer to it as "sweet", which means it contains relatively little sulfur, or as "sour", which means it contains substantial amounts of sulfur and requires more refining in order to meet current product specifications.The world reference barrel (unit)barrels are: Brent Blend, comprising 15 oils from fields in the Brent oilfieldBrent and Ninian systems in the East Shetland Basin of the North Sea. The oil is landed at Sullom Voe terminal in the Shetlands. Oil production from Europe, Africa and Middle Eastern oil flowing West tends to be priced off the price of this oil, which forms a benchmark. See also Brent crude. West Texas Intermediate (WTI) for North American oil. Dubai used as benchmark for the Asia-Pacific region for Middle East Oil Tapis (from Malaysia, used as a reference for light Far East oil) Minas (from Indonesia, used as a reference for heavy Far East oil) The OPEC Basket consisting of* Arab Light Saudi Arabia* Bonny Light Nigeria* Fateh Dubai* Isthmus Mexico (non-OPEC)* Minas Indonesia* Saharan Blend Algeria* Tia Juana Light VenezuelaOPEC attempts to keep the price of the Opec Basket between upper and lower limits, by increasing and decreasing production. This makes the measure important for market analysts. The OPEC Basket, including a mix of light and heavy crudes, is heavier than both Brent and WTI.See also tonto.eia.doe.gov
Pricing - References to the oil price are usually either references to the spot price of either WTI/Light Crude as traded on New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) for delivery in Cushing, Oklahoma; or the price of Brent as traded on the International Petroleum Exchange (IPE) for delivery at Sullom Voe. The price of a barrel of oil is highly dependent on both its grade (which is determined by factors such as its specific gravity or API and its sulphur content) and location. The vast majority of oil will not be traded on an exchange but on a over-the-counter (finance)over-the-counter basis, typically with reference to a marker crude oil grade that is typically quoted via the pricing agency Platts. For example in Europe a particular grade of oil, say Fulmar, might be sold at a price of "Brent plus US$0.25/barrel".or as an intra-company transaction. IPE claim that 65% of traded oil is priced off their Brent benchmarks. Other important benchmarks include Dubai, Tapis, and the OPEC basket. The Energy Information Administration (EIA) uses the Imported Refiner Acquisition Cost, the weighted average cost of all oil imported into the US as their "world oil price".It is often claimed that OPEC sets the oil price and the true cost of a barrel of oil is around $2, which is equivalent to the cost of extraction of a barrel in the Middle East. These estimates of costs ignore the cost of finding and developing oil reserves. Furthermore the important cost as far as price is concerned, is not the price of the cheapest barrel but the cost of producing the marginal barrel. By limiting production OPEC has caused more expensive areas of production such as the North Sea to be developed before the Middle East has been exhausted. OPEC's power is also often overstated. Investing in spare capacity is expensive and the low oil price environment in the late 90s led to cutbacks in investment. This has meant during the oil price rally seen between 2003-2005, OPEC's spare capacity has not been sufficient to stabilise prices. Oil demand is highly dependent on global macroeconomic conditions, so this is also an important determinant of price. Some economists claim that high oil prices have a large negative impact on the global growth. This means that the relationship between the oil price and global growth is not particularly stable although a high oil price is often thought of as being a late cycle phenomenon.A recent low point was reached in January 1999, after increased oil production from Iraq coincided with the Asian financial crisis, which reduced demand. The prices then rapidly increased, more than doubling by September 2000, then fell until the end of 2001 before steadily increasing, reaching US $40 to US $50 per barrel by September 2004. futures.tradingcharts.comIn October 2004, light crude futures contracts on the NYMEX for November delivery exceeded US $53 per barrel and for December delivery exceeded US $55 per barrel. Crude oil prices surged to a record high above $60 a barrel in June 2005, sustaining a rally built on strong demand for gasoline and diesel and on concerns about refiners' ability to keep up. This trend continued into early August 2005, as NYMEX crude oil futures contracts surged past the $65 mark as consumers kept up the demand for gasoline despite its high price. (see Oil price increases of 2004 and 2005).)The New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) trades crude oil (including futures contracts) and provides the basis of US crude oil pricing via WTI (West Texas Intermediate). Other exchanges also trade crude oil futures, eg the International Petroleum Exchange (IPE) in London trades contracts in Brent crude. See also wtrg.com - History and Analysis of Crude Oil Prices
Top petroleum-producing countries - Source: eia.doe.gov - Energy Statistics from the U.S. Government(Ordered by amount (''barrels per day'') produced in 2004):Saudi Arabia (OPEC)RussiaUnited StatesIran (OPEC) MexicoChinaNorwayCanadaVenezuela (OPEC)United Arab Emirates (OPEC)Kuwait (OPEC)Nigeria (OPEC)United KingdomIraq (Ordered by amount ''exported'' in 2003):Saudi Arabia (OPEC)RussiaNorwayIran (OPEC)United Arab Emirates (OPEC)Venezuela (OPEC)Kuwait (OPEC)Nigeria (OPEC)MexicoAlgeria (OPEC)Libya (OPEC)Note that the USA consumes almost all of its own production.Total world production/consumption (as of 2005) is approximately 84 million barrels per day.See also: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.
See also - Abiogenic petroleum origin List of oil fields List of oil-producing states List of oil-consuming states List of petroleum companies Energy crisis: 1973 energy crisis, 1979 energy crisis Fossil fuel Greenhouse gases History of the Petroleum Industry Hubbert peak (aka peak oil) Future energy development 1990 spike in the price of oil Non-conventional oil Oil imperialism Oil price increases of 2004 and 2005 Oil refinery Oil supplies Oil well Olduvai theory (not strictly about oil, but it basically assumes that oil and gas are the only significant energy sources) Petroleum disasters Petroleum geology Petroleum politics Renewable energy Soft energy path Thermal depolymerization Thomas Gold Irish Sea
External links - !longemergency.blogspot.com - Long Emergency Blog - A site with Peak Oil news and discussion, regarding how our world will never be the same. api.org - American Petroleum Institute - A site run by the American Petroleum Institute, the trade association of the US oil industry. eia.doe.gov - US Energy Information Administration - Part of the informative website of the US Government's Energy Information Administration. geo.uw.edu.pl - Major dates of the Polish petroleum industrygasresources.net - Dismissal of the Claims of a Biological Connection for Natural Petroleum.aapg.org - Abiogenic Gas Debate 11:2002 (EXPLORER)gasresources.net - An introduction to the modern petroleum science, and to the Russian-Ukrainian theory of deep, abiotic petroleum origins.spe.org - Unconventional Ideas About Unconventional Gas (Society of Petroleum Engineers)bp.com - BP Statistical Revue of World Energy nymex.com - Nymex - oil trading center of the US bloomberg.com - Bloomberg Energy Prices - current prices on world mercantile exchanges oilmarketer.co.uk - Oil Marketer - oil news and market information economist.com - Oil in troubled waters - Economist article on investor approaches to oil markets, supply, and future
Articles - pr.caltech.edu - The End of the Age of Oil - article adapted from a talk by Caltech vice provost and professor of physics David Goodstein publicintegrity.org - The Politics of Oil - A report on the oil industry's influence of lawmakers and public policy by the ''Center for Public Integrity''. news.bbc.co.uk - BBC: Stability fears rise as oil reliance grows washingtonpost.com - Top Saudi Says Kingdom Has Plenty of Oil "261 billion barrels in reserve..." !business.timesonline.co.uk - Lee Raymond of Exxon Mobile believes oil supplies will rise arabnews.com - Known Saudi Arabian Oil Reserves Tripled www2.eluniversal.com.mx - Pemex's oil estimates double: Mexican Oil company's estimate of reserves doubled.''gasresources.net - Dismissal of the Claims of a Biological Connection for Natural Petroleum refKenney2001 ''''aapg.org - Abiogenic Gas Debate 11:2002 (EXPLORER)''
Data - eia.doe.gov - Department of Energy EIA - World supply and consumption eia.doe.gov - US petroleum prices
References - # noteKenney2002 Kenney, J., Kutcherov, V., Bendeliani, N. and Alekseev, V. Title= The evolution of multicomponent systems at high pressures: VI. The thermodynamic stability of the hydrogen–carbon system: The genesis of hydrocarbons and the origin of petroleum Journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. Volume=99 Year=2002 Pages=10976-10981 pnas.org - Article link# noteKenney2001 Kenney, J., Shnyukov, A., Krayushkin, V., Karpov, I., Kutcherov, V. and Plotnikova, I. Title= Dismissal of the claims of a biological connection for natural petroleum Journal=Energia Volume=22 Issue=3 Year=2001 Pages=26-34
Books about the petroleum industry - James Howard Kunstler Title=The Long Emergency: Surviving the Converging Catastrophes of the Twenty-first Century Publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press Year=2005 ID=0871138883 C.J. Campbell Title=The Coming Oil Crisis Publisher= Year=2004 ID= Title=Out of Gas: The End of the Age of Oil Publisher= Year=2004 ID= Amory B. Lovins Title=Winning the Oil Endgame Publisher=Rocky Mountain Institute Year=2004 ID=1881071103 Title=Hubbert's Peak : The Impending World Oil Shortage Publisher= Year=2003 ID= Vaclav Smil Title=Energy at the Crossroads : Global Perspectives and Uncertainties Publisher=The MIT Press Year=2003 ID=0262194929 Daniel Yergin Title=The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power Publisher=Simon & Schuster Year=1991 ID=0671502484 Harold F. Williamson and Arnold R. Daum Title=The American Petroleum Industry: Volume I, The Age of Illumination Publisher=Northwestern University Press Year=1959 ID= Harold F. Williamson, Ralph L. Andreano, Arnold R. Daum, and Gilbert C. Klose Title=The American Petroleum Industry: Volume II, The Age of Energy Publisher=Northwestern University Press Year=1963 ID=
Films about petroleum - 0299612title=Burning of the Standard Oil Co.'s Tanks, Bayonne, N.J. 0363498title=California Oil Wells in Operation 0222879title=Canada Strikes Oil: Leduc, Alberta 1947 0446320title=The End of Suburbia: Oil Depletion and the Collapse of the American Dream * !http://www.endofsuburbia.com 0063060title=Hellfighters 0386530title=Incendio del pozo petrolero de Dos Bocas, Veracruz 0391235title=La Industria del Petróleo 0172594title=Industria petrolului 0334042title=Oil - From Fossil to Flame 0184795title=Oil Fires, Their Prevention and Extinguishment 0461695title=Oil Storm 0224029title=Roughnecks: The Story of Oil Drillers 0348412title=Wildcatter: The Story of Texas Oil 0104706title=Lektionen in Finsternis
Writers covering the petroleum industry - Colin Campbell (geologist)Colin J. CampbellJay HansonKenneth S. DeffeyesDavid GoodsteinDaniel YerginThomas !GoldCategory:LubricantsCategor y:PetroleumCategory:Oilsaf:Ru- oliebg:Петролca:Petrolic s:RopaLink? FAcs !cy:Petroliwmda:Råoliede:Erdö les:Petróleoeo:Petrolofa:نف تfr:Pétroleko:석유io:nafto id:Minyak? !bumiit:Petroliohe:נפטlt:Naf tanl:Aardolieja:石油no:Petro leumnn:Petroleumpl:Ropa? !naftowapt:Petróleoru:Нефт ьLink? FAru !sk:Ropasl:Naftasv:PetroleumLin k? FAsv vi:Dầu !mỏuk:Нафтаzh:石油
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Websites
Director of Credit
Petroleum Marketers
http://www.lykinscompanies.com/
Petrointernational
Global directory of product and service providers to the energy industry.
http://www.petrointernational.com/
Petroleum Engineering Calculations
Online computing and graphics in petroleum, oil and gas engineering
http://www.peteng.com/
BP
Supplier of petroleum, solar energy, acetyls, and aviation fuels.
http://www.bp.com/
Society of Petroleum Engineers
Serves professional engineers, scientists, and managers in the exploration and production segments of the worldwide oil and gas industry.
http://www.spe.org/
Phillips Petroleum Company
Current and historical information including product information, annual report, stock quotes, news releases and community environmental educational programs.
http://www.phillips66.com/
Institute of Petroleum
One of Europe's principal independent bodies concerned with the advancement of knowledge in the oil and gas industry.
http://www.petroleum.co.uk/
American Association of Petroleum Geologists
International organization with 31,000 members in 115 countries. Site includes member information, trade show schedules, news, and publications.
http://www.aapg.org/
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Global organization dedicated to stability in and shared control of the petroleum markets.
http://www.opec.org/
PetroleumPlace,Inc.
On-line auction exchange for oil and gas properties. Equipment and Jobs listings. Business directory. News.
http://www.petroleumplace.com
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