Dictionary
the science or study of drugs: their preparation and properties and uses and effects
|
Wikipedia
Pharmacology (in Greek language Greek: ''pharmacon !(φάρμα ;κον)''? is drug, and ''logos !(λόγος ;)''? is science) is the study of how chemical substances interact with living systems. If these substances have medicationmedicinal properties, they are referred to as pharmaceuticals. The field encompasses drug composition, drug properties, interactions, toxicology, and desirable effects that can be used in therapy of diseases.Development of medication is a vital concern to medicine, but also has strong economical and political implications. To protect the consumer and prevent abuse, many governments regulate the manufacture, sale, and administration of medication. In the United States, the main regulatory body is the Food and Drug Administration through its publication of the United States PharmacopoeiaUSP.Pharmacology as a science is practiced by pharmacologists. Studies can include theoretical pharmacology, in contrast to Clinical pharmacology, - the medical field of pharmacology.
Scientific background - The study of medicinal chemicals requires intimate knowledge of the biological system affected. With the knowledge of cell biology and biochemistry increasing, the field of pharmacology has also changed substantially. It has become possible, through molecular analysis of enzymes, to design chemicals that act on specific metabolic pathways.A chemical has, from the pharmacological point-of-view, various properties. Pharmacokinetics is its fate (e.g. its half-life and volume of distribution) in the organism, and pharmacodynamics is its mode of action and potential toxicity.When describing the pharmacokinetic properties of a chemical, a pharmacologist employs the ''ADME'' principle: Absorption - How is the medication absorbed (through the skin, the intestine, the oral mucosa)? Distribution - How does it spread through the organism? Drug metabolismMetabolism - Is the medication converted chemically, and into which substances. Are these active? Could they be toxic? Excretion - How is the medication eliminated (through the bile, urine, skin)?Medication is said to have a narrow or wide ''therapeutic margin'' or ''therapeutic window''. Those with a narrow window are more difficult to dose and administer, and may require therapeutic drug monitoring (examples are warfarin, some antiepileptics, aminoglycoside antibiotics).
Classification - Medication can be usually classified in various ways, e.g. by its chemical properties, mode of administration, or biological system affected. An elaborate and widely used classification system is the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System.
Types of medication -
For the gastrointestinal tract or digestive system - Upper digestive tract: antacids, reflux suppressants, antiflatulents, antidopaminergics, proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonists, cytoprotectants, prostaglandin analogues Lower digestive tract: laxatives, antispasmodics, antidiarrhoeals, bile acid sequestrants, opioids
For the cardiovascular system - General: beta-receptor blocker, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, cardiac glycosides, antiarrhythmics, nitrate, antianginals, vasoconstrictor, vasodilator, peripheral activator Affecting AntihypertensiveBlood pressure: ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor antagonistangiotensin receptor blockers, alpha blocker Coagulation: anticoagulant, heparin, antiplatelet drug, fibrinolytic, Factor VIIIanti-hemophilic factor, haemostatic drugs Atherosclerosis/cholesterol agents: hypolipidaemic agents, statins.
For the central nervous system - hypnotic, anaesthetics, antipsychotic, antidepressant (including tricyclicstricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, lithium salt, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor), anti-emetic, anticonvulsant and antiepileptic, anxiolytic, barbiturate, movement disorder drug, stimulant (including amphetamineamphetamines), benzodiazepine, cyclopyrrolone, dopamine antagonist, antihistamine, cholinergic, anticholinergic, emetic, cannabinoids, 5-HT antagonist
For pain & consciousness (Anaesthetic drugs) - analgesics (includes acetaminophen, NSAIDs and opioids), local anesthetics, general anaesthetics, sedatives, migraine treatment drug
For Muscular systemmusculo-Skeletonskeletal disorders - NSAIDs (including COX-2 selective inhibitors), muscle relaxant, neuromuscular drug
anticholinesterase
For the eye - General: adrenergic neurone blocker, astringent, ocular lubricantDiagnostic: anestheticstopical anesthetics, sympathomimetics, parasympatholytics, mydriatics, cycloplegicsAnti-bacterial: antibiotics, topical antibiotics, sulfa drugs, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolonesAnti-viral:Anti-fungal: imidazoles, polyenesAnti-inflammatory: NSAIDs, corticosteroidsAnti-allergy: mast cellmast cell inhibitorsAnti-glaucoma: adrenergic agonists, beta-blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors/hyperosmotics, cholinergics, miotics, parasympathomimetics, prostaglandin agonists/prostaglandin inhibitors. nitroglycerin
For the ear, nose and oropharynx - sympathomimetic, antihistamine, anticholinergic, NSAIDs, steroid, antiseptic, local anesthetic, antifungal, cerumenolytic
For the respiratory system - bronchodilator, NSAIDs, anti-allergic, antitussive, mucolytic, !decongestant
corticos teroid,? beta-receptor antagonist, anticholinergic, steroid
For endocrine problems - androgen, antiandrogen, gonadotropin, corticosteroid, growth hormone, insulin, antidiabetic (sulfonylurea, biguanide/metformin, thiazolidinedione, insulin), thyroid hormones, antithyroid drugs, calcitonin, diphosponate, vasopressin analogues
For the reproductive system or urinary system - antifungal, alkalising agent, quinolones, antibiotic, cholinergic, anticholinergic, anticholinesterase, antispasmodic, 5-alpha reductase inhibitor, selective alpha-1 blocker, sildenafil
For contraception - contraceptive, oral contraceptives, spermicide, depot contraceptives
For obstetrics and gynaecology - NSAIDs, anticholinergic, haemostatic drug, antifibrinolytic, Hormone Replacement Therapy, bone regulator, beta-receptor agonist, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone, LHRH
gamolenic acid, gonadotropin release inhibitor, progestogen, dopamine agonist, estrogenoestrogen, prostaglandin, gonadorelin, clomiphene, tamoxifen, Diethylstilbestrol
For the skin - emollient, antipruriticanti-pruritic, antifungal, disinfectant, scabicide, pediculicide, tar products, vitamin A derivatives, vitamin D analogue, keratolytic, abrasive, systemic antibiotic, topical antibiotic, hormonehormones, desloughing agent, exudate absorbent, fibrinolytic, proteolytic, sunscreen, antiperspirant, corticosteroid
For infections and infestations - antibiotic, antifungal, antileprotic, antituberculous drug, antimalarial, anthelmintic, amoebicide, antiviral, antiprotozoal, antiserum
For immunology - vaccine, immunoglobulin, immunosuppressant, interferon, monoclonal antibody
For Allergyallergic disorders - anti-allergic, antihistamine, NSAIDs
For nutrition - tonic (medicine)tonic, iron preparation, electrolyte, parenteral nutritional supplement, vitamins, anti-obesity drug, anabolic drug, haematopoietic drug, food product drug
For neoplastic disorders - cytotoxic drug, sex hormones, aromatase inhibitor, somatostatin inhibitor, recombinant interleukins, Granulocyte-colony stimulating factorG-CSF, erythropoietin
For diagnostics - contrast media
For euthanasia - A euthanaticum is used for euthanasiaeuthanasia and physician-assisted suicide, see also !Barbiturate#Other_non-therapeu tical_usebarbiturates.
External links - ich.org - International Conference on Harmonisation usp.org - US Pharmocopea davabazaar.co.in - Davabazaar.co.in
See also - Cosmeceuticals Drug design List of withdrawn drugs Medicare Part D - the new prescription drug plan in the U.S. Medicinal chemistry Pharmaceutical company Psychopharmacology - medication for mental conditionsTechnology-footer Category:Pharmacology !Category:Biochemistryca:Farmac ologiada:Farmakologide:Pharmak ologiees:Farmacologíaeo:Farma kologiofr:Pharmacologiehe:פר מקולוגיהhu:Gyógyszerh atástannl:Farmacieja:薬理 no:Farmakologipl:Farmakologia pt:Farmacologiasv:Farmakologit h:เภสัชวิทย tr:Farmakolojiuk:Фарма ологіяvi:Dược? lý họczh:药理学
|
|
|