Wikipedia
RCL Pinyin (Chinese language Chinese: 拼音, ''pīnyīn'') literally means "join (together) sounds" (a less literal translation being "phoneticize", "spell" or "transcription") in Chinese languageChinese and usually refers to Hànyǔ Pīnyīn (汉语拼音, literal meaning: "Han ChineseHan language pinyin"), which is a system of romanization (phonemephonemic notation and transcription to Roman script) for Standard Mandarin. Pinyin was approved in 1958 and adopted in 1979 by the government in the People's Republic of China. It superseded older transcriptions like the Wade-Giles system (1859; modified 1912) or ZhuyinBopomofo. Similar systems have been designed for Chinese spoken languagesother Chinese spoken variants and List of Chinese ethnic groupsnon-Han minority languages in the PRC.Since then, pinyin has been accepted by the Government of Singapore, the Library of Congress, the American Library Association, and most international institutions as the preferred transcription system for Mandarin. In 1979 the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) adopted pinyin as the standard romanization for modern Chinese.It is important to maintain the distinction that pinyin is a romanization and not an anglicization; that is, it is equally applicable for transcription into any language that uses a Roman alphabet, but that the precise pronunciation need not match that of any of these languages. For example, the sounds indicated in pinyin by ''b'' and ''p'' are distinguished from each other (by aspiration) in a manner different from that of both English (which has voicing and aspiration) and of French (which has voicing alone). Other letters, like ''j'' or ''q'' indicate a combination of sounds that do not correspond to any exact sound in English. Some of the transcriptions in pinyin such as the ''ang'' ending, do not correspond to English pronunciations, either. Pinyin has also become a useful tool for Chinese input methods for computersentering Chinese language text into computers.
Pronunciation - IPA notice The primary purpose of pinyin in Chinese schools is to teach Mandarin pronunciation. Many in the West are under the mistaken belief that pinyin is used to help children associate characters with spoken words which they already know, but this is incorrect as many Chinese do not use Mandarin at home, and therefore do not know the Mandarin pronunciation of words until they learn them in elementary school through the use of pinyin.Pinyin uses the Roman alphabet, hence the pronunciation is relatively straightforward for Westerners. A pitfall for English-speaking novices is, however, the unusual pronunciation ''x'', ''q'', ''c'' and ''z'' (and sometimes ''i'') and the unvoiced pronunciation of ''d'', ''b'', ''g'', ''j''. More information on the pronunciation of all pinyin letters in terms of English approximations is given further below.The pronunciation of Chinese is generally given in terms of initial (linguistics)initials and final (linguistics)finals, which represent the ''segmental phonemic'' portion of the language. Initials are initial consonants, while finals are all possible combinations of medial (linguistics)medials (semivowels coming before the vowel), the syllable nucleusnucleus vowel, and syllable codacoda (final vowel or consonant).
Initials - In each cell below, the first line indicates International Phonetic AlphabetIPA, the second indicates pinyin. * "ʐ">ʐ and "ɻ">ɻ are interchangeable.
Finals - In each cell below, the first line indicates IPA, the second indicates pinyin for a standalone (no-initial) form, and the third indicates pinyin for a combination with an initial. Other than finals modified by an -r, which are omitted, the following is an exhaustive table of all possible finals. 1It is of interest to point out that the only syllable-final consonants in standard Mandarin are -n and -ng, and -r which is attached as a grammatical suffix. If you see a Chinese syllable ending with any other consonant, it is either a dialect (notably Cantonese), or a non-Pinyin Romanization system (where final consonants are used to indicate tones) is being used. 1 /ər/ (而, 二, etc.) is written as ''er''. For other finals formed by the suffix -r, pinyin does not use special orthography; one simply appends -r to the final that it is added to, without regard for any sound changes that may take place along the way. For information on sound changes related to final -r, please see Standard !Mandarin.
2? "ü" is written as "u" after j, q, or !x.
3? "uo" is written as "o" after b, p, m, or !f.
4? It is pronounced "ʊŋ">ʊŋ when it follows an initial, and pinyin reflects this difference.
In addition, ''ê'' "ɛ">ɛ is used to represent certain interjections.
Rules given in terms of English pronunciation - All rules given here in terms of English pronunciation are approximate.
Pronunciation of initials -
Pronunciation of finals - The following is an exhaustive list of all finals, with or without final -r.To find the pronunciation of a final:#Look for the entire combination rather than the individual letters. For example, look for ''ian'', not ''i'' + ''a'' + ''n''.#For syllables starting with y- or w-, change the y- to i- and w- to u-, then take the i- and u- as part of the final. (E.g. yan -> ian, where "ian" is the final.) If this results in ii-, uu-, and iu-, change those to i-, u-, and ü- respectively. (E.g. yin -> in, wu -> u, yue -> üe)#If the initial is j-, q-, and x-, and the final starts with -u-, then change the -u- to -ü-.
Orthographic features - Pinyin differs from other romanizations in several aspects, such as: ''w'' is placed before syllables starting with ''u''. ''y'' is placed before syllables starting with ''i'' and ''ü''. ''ü'' is written as ''u'' when there is no ambiguity (such as ''ju'', ''qu'', and ''xu''), but written as ''ü'' when there are corresponding ''u'' syllables (such as ''lü'' and ''nü'') When preceded by a consonant, ''iou'', ''uei'', and ''uen'' are simplified as ''iu'', ''ui'', and ''un'' (which do not represent the actual pronunciation). Like zhuyin, what are actually pronounced as ''buo'', ''puo'', ''muo'', and ''fuo'' are given a separate representation: ''bo'', ''po'', ''mo'', and ''fo''. The apostrophe (') is used before ''ɑ'', ''o'', and ''e'' to separate syllables in a word where ambiguity could arise, e.g., ''pi'ao'' (皮襖) vs. ''piao'' (票), and ''Xi'an'' (西安) vs. ''xian'' (先). ''Eh!'' alone is written as ''ê''; elsewhere as ''e''. Schwa is always written as ''e''. ''zh'', ''ch'', and ''sh'' can be abbreviated as ''ẑ'', ''ĉ'', and ''ŝ''. However, the shorthands are rarely used due to difficulty of entering them on computers. ''ng'' has the uncommon shorthand of ''ŋ''.
Tones - The Pinyin system also incorporates suprasegmental phonemes to represent the four Mandarin (linguistics)#Tonestones of Mandarin. Each tone is indicated by a diacritical mark above a non-medial vowel. Many books printed in China mix fonts, with vowels with tone marks rendered in a different font than the surrounding text, a practice that tends to give such Pinyin texts a typographically ungainly appearance. This style, most likely rooted in early technical limitations, has led many to believe that Pinyin's rules call for this practice and also for the use of "Unicodeɑ " (with no curl over the top) rather than the standard style of the letter "a" found in most fonts. The official rules of Hanyu Pinyin, however, specify no such practice. Note that tone marks can also appear on consonants in certain vowelless exclamations.# The first tone is represented by a macron (ˉ) added to the pinyin vowel:#:
Unicode(ɑ̄) ā ē ī ō ū ǖ Ā Ē Ī Ō Ū Ǖ # The second tone is denoted by an acute accent (ˊ):#:
Unicode(ɑ́) á é í ó ú ǘ Á É Í Ó Ú Ǘ # The third tone is symbolized by a caron (ˇ, also known as a reverse circumflex). Note, it is officially not a breve (˘, lacking a downward angle), although this misuse is somewhat common on the Internet. #:
Unicode(ɑ̌) ǎ ě ǐ ǒ ǔ ǚ Ǎ Ě Ǐ Ǒ Ǔ Ǚ # The fourth tone is represented by a grave accent (ˋ):#:
Unicode(ɑ̀) à è ì ò ù ǜ À È Ì Ò Ù Ǜ # The fifth or neutral tone is represented by a normal vowel without any accent mark: #:
Unicode(ɑ) a e i o u ü A E I O U Ü
:(In some cases, this is also written with a dot before the syllable; for example, ·ma.)Since most computer fonts do not contain the macron or caron accents, a common convention is to postfix the individual syllables with a digit representing their tone (e.g., "tóng" (tong with the rising tone) is written "tong2"). The digit is numbered as the order listed above, except the "fifth tone", which, in addition to being numbered 5, is also either not numbered or numbered zero, as in ''ma0'' (吗/嗎, an interrogative marker). These tone marks normally are only used in Mandarin textbooks or in foreign learning texts, but they are essential for correct pronunciation of Mandarin syllables, as exemplified by the following classical example of five characters whose pronunciations differ only in their tones: The words are "mother", "hemp", "horse", "admonish" and a question particle, respectively.
Rules for placing the tone mark - The rules for determining on which vowel the tone mark appears are as follows:# If there is more than one vowel and the first vowel is ''i'', ''u'', or ''ü'', then the tone mark appears on the second vowel.# In all other cases, the tone mark appears on the first vowel(''y'' and ''w'' are not considered vowels for these rules.)The reasoning behind these rules is in the case of diphthongs and triphthongs, ''i'', ''u'', and ''ü'' (and their orthographic equivalents ''y'' and ''w'' when there is no initial consonant) are considered medial (linguistics)medial glides rather than part of the syllable nucleus in Chinese phonology. The rules ensure that the tone mark always appears on the nucleus of a syllable.
Miscellanea - An umlaut is placed over the letter ''u'' when it occurs after the initials ''l'' and ''n'' in order to represent the sound y. This is necessary in order to distinguish the front high rounded vowel in ''lü'' (e.g. 驴/驢 donkey) from the back high rounded vowel in ''lu'' (e.g. 炉/爐 oven). Tonal markers are added on top of the umlaut, as in ''lǘ''.However, the ''ü'' is ''not'' used in other contexts where it represents a front high rounded vowel, namely after the letters ''j'', ''q'', ''x'' and ''y''. For example, the sound of the word 鱼/魚 (fish) is transcribed in pinyin simply as ''yú'', not as ''yǘ''. This practice is opposed to Wade-Giles, which always uses ''ü'', and Tongyong Pinyin, which always uses ''yu''. Whereas Wade-Giles needs to use the umlaut to distinguish between ''chü'' (pinyin ''ju'') and ''chu'' (pinyin ''zhu''), this ambiguity cannot arise with pinyin, so the more convenient form ''ju'' is used instead of ''jü''. Genuine ambiguities only happen with ''nu''/''nü'' and ''lu''/''lü'', which are then distinguished by an umlaut diacritic.Many fonts or output methods do not support an umlaut for ''ü'' or cannot place tone marks on top of ''ü''. Likewise, using ''ü'' in input methods is difficult because it is not present as a simple key on many keyboard layouts. For these reasons ''v'' is sometimes used instead by convention. Occasionally, ''uu'' (double ''u'') or ''U'' (capital ''u'') is used in its place.See also: Postal System Pinyin (unrelated) Combining diacritic marks Unicode #U0300
Pinyin in Taiwan - The Republic of China on Taiwan is in the process of adopting a modified version of pinyin (currently Tongyong Pinyin). For elementary education it has used zhuyin (also known as bopomofo), and for romanization there is no standard system in general use in Taiwan despite many efforts to standardize on one system. In the late-1990s, the government of Taiwan formally decided to move from zhuyin to pinyin. This has triggered a very heated discussion of which pinyin system to use: hanyu pinyin of People's Republic of China or some other system.Much of the controversy centers on issues of national identity because of political interests. Proponents for adopting pinyin maintain that it is an international standard that is already used throughout the world. Proponents for adopting a new system maintain that Taiwan should have its own identity and culture separate from the People's Republic of China.A new system Tongyong Pinyin was created in Taiwan in 1998. Tongyong Pinyin is mostly similar to Hanyu Pinyin with a number of changes in the letters and digraphs representing certain sounds.In October 2002, the ROC government adopted Tongyong Pinyin through an administrative order that local governments can override. Localities with governments controlled by the Kuomintang, most notably Taipei City, have overridden the order and converted to Hanyu Pinyin (although with a slightly different capitialization convention than the Mainland). As a result, English signs have inconsistent romanization in Taiwan, with many places using Tongyong Pinyin but some using Hanyu Pinyin, and still others not yet having had the resources to replace older Wade-Giles or MPS2 signage. This has resulted in the odd situation in Taipei City in which inconsistent pinyin are shown in freeway directions, with freeway signs, which are under the control of the national government, using one pinyin, but surface street signs, which are under the control of the city government, using the other.As of 2003, no form of pinyin is used in elementary education on Taiwan to teach pronunciation. Although the ROC government has stated the desire to use romanization rather than zhuyin in education, the lack of agreement on which form of pinyin to use and the huge logistical challenge of teacher training has stalled these efforts.
Other languages - Pinyin-like systems have been devised for other variants of Chinese. Guangdong Romanization is a set of romanizations devised by the government of Guangdong province for Standard CantoneseCantonese, Teochew dialectTeochew, Hakka (linguistics)Hakka (Moiyen dialect), and Hainan dialectHainanese. All of these are designed to use letters in a similar way to Pinyin.In addition, in accordance to the "Regulation of Phonetic Transcription in Hanyu Pinyin Letters of Place Names in Minority Nationality Languages" !(《少数民族语地名汉 拼音字母音译转写法? 》) promulgated in 1976, place names in non-Chinese languages like Mongol languageMongol, Uyghur languageUyghur, and Tibetan languageTibetan are also officially transcribed using Pinyin. The pinyin letters (26 Roman letters, ü, and ê) are used to approximate the non-Chinese language in question as closely as possible. This results in spellings that are different from both the customary spelling of the place name, and the Pinyin spelling of the name in Chinese:
Controversy - Debate continues about the actual suitability of pinyin as a Chinese romanization method. This argument revolves around pinyin's unconventional use of Roman letters, of which the phonologyphonological values of some phonemes are quite different from that of most languages utilizing the Roman alphabet. Some sinologists praise this as pinyin's flexibility in that it allows the entire Roman alphabet to be adapted to the Chinese sound system (compared to Wade-Giles, which leaves out or underuses many letters). Others point out that pinyin letter values are so unconventional that for a person unfamiliar with Chinese, they result in a larger number of mispronunciations when compared to Wade-Giles. However, as not only the PRC but by now most institutions and publications have adopted it, the debate seems increasingly obsolete.Pinyin, like all systems of romanization, has certain limitations that users should be aware of: Like the spelling systems of any other language, pinyin does not represent English pronunciation and should not be pronounced according to English conventions. Readers are advised to learn pinyin phonetic conventions, bearing in mind that many sounds have no equivalents in English. Chinese characters can indicate semantic cues. But since pinyin is based on the sounds of Mandarin alone, these semantic cues are no longer preserved. For speakers of Chinese spoken languagesother Chinese spoken variants, it becomes unsuitable for use in reading and writing because these sounds do not necessarily correspond to their speech. The phonotactics of spoken Mandarin dictate a relatively small set of possible syllables and there is a potential for homonyms. Because of this, pinyin can be ambiguous, especially when transcribing Standard Written Chinese, which uses formal constructions not often found in speech. However, this should not be an issue in the transcription of normal spoken Mandarin conversation since speakers would not use such ambiguous constructions in speech.Computer systems long provided the most convincing argument in favor of pinyin; early computers were able to display nothing but 7-bit ASCII (essentially the 26 letters, the 10 digits, and a handful of punctuation marks). Most contemporary computer systems are now able to readily display characters from not only Chinese, but from many other writing systems as well. In addition, multiple input method editors exist that use standard keyboards to type them (pinyin being one such method). Now, Personal digital assistantPDAs and digitizing tablets allow users to write characters with a stylus, which can then be stored and edited like any text. Thus, this justification is no longer as strong as it used to be. Nonetheless, pinyin has gained wide acceptance, and supporters believe it is useful for students of Chinese as a second language.
Reference - Yin Binyong 尹斌庸, Mary Felley: Chinese Romanization. Pronunciation and Orthography (Hanyu pinyin he zhengcifa 汉语拼音和正词法; Sinolingua, Beijing 1990), ISBN 7-80052-148-6 / ISBN 0-8351-1930-0.
External links -
Auto-converters - chinese-tools.com - Chinese characters to Pinyin (with tone marks and English meaning) pinyin.info - Pinyin with tone numbers to Pinyin with tone marks (can handle 5 for neutral tone) foolsworkshop.com - Pinyin with tone numbers to Pinyin with tone marks rikai.com - Rikai.com A web-mediator that adds mouseover pinyin readings to Chinese web-pages. mandarintools.com - DimSum Chinese Reading Assistant Add pinyin (or bopomofo, etc.) to text, web pages, or RTF files. Includes dictionary, flashcards.
Other - pinyin.info - Pinyin.info — very complete explanation of Unicode pinyin.* pinyin.info - Pinyin info Unicode testpage math.nus.edu.sg - Read/Write using Unicode research.chtsai.org - Tongyong and Hanyu Pinyin sinosplice.com - Sinosplice - Pronunciation of Mandarin Chinese fdicts.com - Fdicts Simplified Chinese Dictionary mdbg.net - MDBG free online Chinese-English dictionary mandarintools.com - Chinese Romanization Converter - Convert between Hanyu Pinyin, Wade-Giles, Gwoyeu Romatzyh, and other common Romanization systems.Category:Chinese language !romanizationCategory:Latin-der ived? alphabetsCategory:Mandarin !termsar:بينيينbg:Пин нbr:Pinyinca:Pinyincs:Pinyin da:Pinyinde:Pinyinet:Pinyines: Pinyineo:Hanyu? !Pinyinfr:Pinyinko:병음id:Han yu? !Pinyinit:Pinyinhu:Pinjinnl:Han yu? !pinyinja:ピン音pl:Pinyinpt: Pinyinru:Пиньиньfi:Piny insv:Pinyinth:พินอิ zh:汉语拼音
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