Dictionary
a heavy precious metallic element grey-white and resistant to corroding occurs in some nickel and copper ores and is also found native in some deposits
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Wikipedia
otheruses 78 symbol=Pt name=platinum left=iridium right=gold above=palladiumPd below=darmstadtiumDs color1=#ffc0c0 color2=black Elementbox_series transition metals 10 period=6 block=d Elementbox_appearance_img Pt,78 grayish white Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm 1 E-25 kg195.084(9) Elementbox_econfig [xenonXe] 4f14 5d9 6s1 Elementbox_epershell 2, 8, 18, 32, 17, 1 #ffc0c0 color2=black Elementbox_phase solid Elementbox_density_gpcm3nrt 21.45 Elementbox_densityliq_gpcm3mp 19.77 2041.4 c=1768.3 f=3214.9 4098 c=3825 f=6917 Elementbox_heatfusion_kjpmol 22.17 Elementbox_heatvaporiz_kjpmol 469 !Elementbox_heatcapacity_jpmolk at25? 25.86 #ffc0c0 color2=black Elementbox_crystalstruct cubic face centered Elementbox_oxistates 2, 4
(mildly base (chemistry)basic oxide) Elementbox_electroneg_pauling 2.28 Elementbox_ionizationenergies2 870 1791 Elementbox_atomicradius_pm 1 E-10 m135 Elementbox_atomicradiuscalc_pm 1 E-10 m177 Elementbox_covalentradius_pm 1 E-10 m128 Elementbox_vanderwaalsrad_pm 1 E-10 m175 #ffc0c0 color2=black Elementbox_magnetic paramagnetismparamagnetic Elementbox_eresist_ohmmat20 105 n !Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat3 00k? 71.6 !Elementbox_thermalexpansion_um pmkat25? 8.8 !Elementbox_speedofsound_rodmps atrt? 2800 Elementbox_youngsmodulus_gpa 168 Elementbox_shearmodulus_gpa 61 Elementbox_bulkmodulus_gpa 230 Elementbox_poissonratio 0.38 Elementbox_mohshardness 3.5 Elementbox_vickershardness_mpa 549 Elementbox_brinellhardness_mpa 392 Elementbox_cas_number 7440-06-4 platinum color1=#ffc0c0 color2=black 190 sym=Pt
na=0.01% hl=6.5 E11 yeary
dm=alpha decayα de=3.18 pn=186 ps=osmiumOs 191 sym=Pt
na=synthetic radioisotopesyn hl=2.96 d
dm=electron captureε de=? pn=191 ps=iridiumIr 192 sym=Pt na=0.79% n=114 193Nuclear isomerm sym=Pt
na=synthetic radioisotopesyn hl=4.33 d
dm=Internal conversionIT de=0.1355Conversion electrone pn=193 ps=platinumPt 193 sym=Pt
na=synthetic radioisotopesyn hl=50 yeary
dm=electron captureε de=? pn=193 ps=iridiumIr 194 sym=Pt na=32.9% n=116 195Nuclear isomerm sym=Pt
na=synthetic radioisotopesyn hl=4.02 d
dm=Internal conversionIT de=0.1297Conversion electrone pn=195 ps=platinumPt 195 sym=Pt na=33.8% n=117 196 sym=Pt na=25.3% n=118 197Nuclear isomerm sym=Pt
na=synthetic radioisotopesyn hl=1.59 h
dm=Internal conversionIT de=0.3465 pn=197 ps=platinumPt 197 sym=Pt
na=synthetic radioisotopesyn hl=19.8913 h
dm=beta emissionβ- de=0.719 pn=197 ps=goldAu 198 sym=Pt na=7.2% n=120 Elementbox_isotopes_end #ffc0c0 color2=black Platinum is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Pt and atomic number 78. A heavy, malleable, ductile, precious, gray-white transition metal, platinum is resistant to corrosion and occurs in some nickel and copper ores along with some native deposits. Platinum is used in jewelry, laboratory equipment, electrical contacts, dentistry, and automobile emissions control devices.
Notable characteristics - The metal appears silvery-white when pure, and firm. The metal is corrosion-resistant. The catalystcatalytic properties of the six platinum family metals are outstanding (a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen explodes in the presence of platinum). For this catalytic property platinum is used in catalytic converters, incorporated in automobile exhaust systems. Platinum's wear- and tarnish-resistance characteristics are well suited for making fine jewelry. Platinum is more precious than gold. The price of platinum changes along with its availability, but it normally costs about twice as much as gold. In the 18th century, platinum's rarity made King Louis XV of France declare it the only metal fit for a king.Other distinctive properties include resistance to chemical attack, excellent high-temperature characteristics, and stable electrical properties. All these properties have been exploited for industrial applications. Platinum does not oxidationoxidize in air at any temperature but can be corroded by cyanides, halogens, sulfur, and caustic alkalis. This metal is insoluble in hydrochloric acidhydrochloric and nitric acid but does dissolve in the mixture known as aqua regia (forming chloroplatinic acid). Common oxidation states of platinum include +2, +3, and +4.
Applications - catalyst utilized in the catalytic converter, an optional component of the gasoline-fueled automobile exhaust system (see "Notable characteristics" in this article), certain platinum-containing compounds are capable of Intercalation (chemistry)intercalating into DNA and are chemotherapeutic agents owing to this capability. For example, cisplatin and carboplatin belong to this class of drugs, platinum resistance thermometers, electrodes for use in electrolysis.
History - Naturally-occurring platinum and platinum-rich alloys have been known for a long time. Though the metal was used by pre-Columbian Indians, the first European reference to platinum appears in 1557 in the writings of the ItalyItalian humanist Julius Caesar Scaliger (1484-1558) as a description of a mysterious metal found in Central American mines between Darién (Panama) and Mexico ("up until now impossible to melt by any of the Spanish arts").The Spaniards named the metal "platina," or little silver, when they first encountered it in Colombia. They regarded platinum as an unwanted impurity in the silver they were mining, and often discarded it.Platinum was discovered by astronomer Antonio de Ulloa and Don Jorge Juan y Santacilia (1713-1773), both appointed by King Philip V of SpainPhilip V to join a geographical expedition in Peru that lasted from 1735 to 1745. Among other things, Ulloa observed the ''platina del pinto'', the unworkable metal found with gold in New Granada (Colombia). British privateers intercepted Ulloa's ship on the return voyage. Though he was well-treated in England, and even made a member of the Royal Society he was prevented from publishing a reference to the unknown metal until 1748. Before that could happen Charles Wood independently isolated the element in 1741. The alchemyalchemical symbol for platinum (shown below) was made by joining the symbols of silver and gold. The standard definition of a metre for a long time was based on the distance between two marks on a bar of a platinum-iridium alloy housed at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures in Sevres, France. A platinum-iridium cylinder serves to this day as the standard of the kilogram and is housed in the same facility as the metre bar. Platinum is also used in the definition of the Standard hydrogen electrode.
Occurrence - Platinum is often found as native platinum and alloyalloyed with iridium as platiniridium. The platinum arsenide, sperrylite, is a major source of platinum associated with nickel ores in the Sudbury Basin deposit. The rare sulfide mineral cooperite, (Pt,Pd,Ni)S, contains platinum along with palladium and nickel. Cooperite occurs in the Merensky Reef within the Bushveld Complex, Transvaal, South Africa.Platinum, often accompanied by small amounts of other platinum family metals, occurs in alluviumalluvial Placer miningplacer deposits in the Witwatersrand of South Africa, Colombia, Ontario, the Ural Mountains, and in certain western United StatesAmerican states. Platinum is produced commercially as a by-product of nickel ore processing in the Sudbury deposit. The huge quantities of nickel ore processed makes up for the fact that platinum is present as only 0.5 parts per millionppm in the ore.
Isotopes - Naturally occurring platinum is composed of five stable isotopes and one radioisotope, Pt-190, which has a very long half-life (over 6 billion years or 190 secondPs). There are also many other radioisotopes with the most stable being Pt-193 with a half-life of 50 years.
Precautions - This metal doesn't normally cause health problems due to its unreactive nature.Platinum compounds rarely occur in nature.
Color - Platinum's rarity as a metal has caused advertisers to associate it with exclusivity and wealth. "Platinum" credit cards have greater privileges than do "gold" ones. "Platinum awards" are the highest possible, ranking above gold, silver and bronze. For example, a musical album that has sold more than 1,000,000 copies, will be credited as "platinum". And some products, such as blenders and vehicles, with a silvery-white color are identified as "platinum".
References - periodic.lanl.gov - Los Alamos National Laboratory - Platinum ''chartofthenuclides.com - Nuclides and Isotopes Fourteenth Edition: Chart of the Nuclides'', General Electric Company, 1989
External links - wiktionary CommonsPlatinum ? platinummetalsreview.com - The Platinum Group Metals Databasevanderkrogt.net - A balanced historical account of the sequence of discoveries of platinum; illustrated.webelements.com - WebElements.com - Platinumplatinummetalsreview.com - Platinum Metals Review E-Journalplatinumguild.com - Platinum Guild InternationalCategory:Chemical elementsCategory:Transition !metalsar:بلاتينca:Platí cs:Platinada:Platinde:Platinet :Plaatinaes:Platinoeo:Platenof r:Platinegl:Pt? !(elemento)id:Platinumia:Platin oit:Platinohe:פלטינהku:P latînlv:Platīnslb:Platinhu:P latinanl:Platinaja:白金no:Pl atinann:Platinaoc:Platinpl:Pla tynapt:Platinaru:Платин simple:Platinumsl:Platinasr: латинаfi:Platinasv:Plat inath:แพลตินัม uk:Платинаzh:铂
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