Dictionary
of or relating to or involving or used in surgery "surgical instruments" "surgical intervention" relating to or requiring or amenable to treatment by surgery especially as opposed to medicine "a surgical appendix" "a surgical procedure" "operative dentistry" performed with great precision "a surgical air strike"
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Wikipedia
dablink For other meanings of the word, see Surgery (disambiguation) Surgery (from the Greek languageGreek ''cheirourgia'' - lit. "hand work") is the medical specialty that treats diseasediseases or injuries by operative manual and instrumental treatment. Surgeons are physicianmedical practitioners who specialize in surgery.A surgery can also refer to the place where surgery is performed, or simply the office of a physician, dentist, or veterinarian.
History of surgery - The earliest known surgical procedure is trepanation, also known as trephinning or trepanning, in which a hole is drilled or scraped into the skull, leaving the membrane around the brain intact. A trepanned cranium found near Kiev, Ukraine, is the oldest yet found, dating back to 7300-6220 BC. Trepanation attempts to address health problems that relate to abnormal intracranial pressure, and has been found in cultures around the world. Modern surgery has been largely abandoning this practice, however.Researchers have also uncovered an Ancient Egyptian mandible, dated to approximately 2800 BC2750 BC, having two perforations just below the root of the first molar, indicating the draining of an abscessed tooth. Recent excavations of the construction workers of the Egyptian pyramids also led to the discovery of evidence of brain surgery on a labourer, who continued living for two years afterwards.The Edwin Smith papyrus is the oldest known surgical text, dating back to the 1600s BC, although it contains information dating back to 3000 BC. It is an ancient Egyptian textbook on surgery, and describes in exquisite detail the examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of numerous ailments.Susrutha (about 400 B.C) - also spelt Susruta or Sushrutha - is an important figure in the history of surgery. He lived, taught and practiced his art of surgery on the banks of the Ganges in the area that corresponds to the prensent day city of Benares in North-West India. Because of his seminal and numerous contributions to the science and art of surgery he is also known by the title "Father of Surgery". Much of what is known about this inventive surgeon is contained in a series of volumes he authored, which are collectively known as the ''Susrutha Samhita''.Although surgeons are now considered to be specialised physicians, the profession of surgeon and that of physician have different historical roots. For example, the Hippocratic Oath warns physicians against the practice of surgery, specifiy that ''cutting persons laboring under the stone'', i.e. lithotomy, an operation to relieve kidney stones, which was to be left to ''such persons as practice it.''By the thirteenth century, many European towns were demanding that physicians have several years of study or training before they could practice. Surgery had a lower status than pure medicine, beginning as a craft tradition until Rogerius (physician)Rogerius Salernitanus composed his ''Chirurgia'', which laid the foundation for the species of the occidental surgical manuals, influencing them up to modern times. Among the first modern surgeons were battlefield doctors in the Napoleonic Wars who were primarily concerned with amputation. Naval surgeons were often barber-surgeons, who combined surgery with their main jobs as barbers.In London, an operating theatre or operating room from the day before modern anaesthesia or antiseptic surgery still exists, and is open to the public. It is found in the roof space of St Thomas Church, Southwark, London and is called the Old Operating Theatre.Before advent of anaesthesia, surgery was a traumatically painful procedure and surgeons were encouraged to be as swift as possible to minimize patient suffering. This also meant that operations were largely restricted to amputations and external growth removals. In addition, the need for strict hygiene during procedures was little understood, which often resulted in life threatening post-op infections in patients.Beginning in the 1840s, surgery began to change dramatically in character with the discovery of effective and practical anaesthestic chemicals such as ether and chloroform. In addition in relieving patient suffering, anathesia allowed more intricate operations in the internal regions of the human body. In addition, the discovery of muscle relaxants such as curare allowed for safer applications.However, the move to longer operations increased the danger of dangerous complications since the prolonged exposure of surgical wounds to the open air heightened the chance of infections. It was only in the late 19th century with the rise of microbiology with scientists like Louis Pasteur and innovative doctors who applied their findings like Joseph Lister did the idea of strict cleanliness and sterile settings during surgery arise.
Development of modern surgery - In the United Kingdom, surgeons are distinguished from physicians by being referred to as "Mister." This tradition has its origins in the 18th century, when surgeons were barber-surgeons and did not have a degree (or indeed any formal qualification), unlike physicians, who were doctors with a university medical degree. By the beginning of the 19th century, surgeons had obtained high status, and in 1800, the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) in London began to offer surgeons a formal status via RCS membership. The title ''Mister'' became a badge of honour, and today only surgeons who hold the Membership or Fellowship of one of the Royal Colleges of Surgery are entitled to call themselves Mister, Miss, Mrs or Ms.Ms.In contrast, American physicians and surgeons are always addressed as "Doctor."
Diseases that can be treated by surgery - fixated by Kirschner wires]] Physical_traumaTrauma Anatomical Abnormalities Disorders of function Inflammation IschemiaIschaemia and infarction Metabolic diseaseMetabolic disorders Neoplasia Other abnormalities of tissue growth, e.g. cystcysts, hyperplasia or hypertrophy
Common surgical procedures - Of the eight most common surgical procedures in the United StatesUS, four are obstetricsobstetric: episiotomy, repair of obstetric laceration, cesarean section, and artificial rupture of the amnionamniotic membrane.According to 1996 data from the US National Center for Health Statistics, 40.3 million inpatient surgical procedures were performed in the United States in 1996, followed closely by 31.5 million outpatient surgeries.
Noted surgeons - : ''For a more complete list, see List of surgeons.'' Christiaan Barnard (cardiac surgery, first heart transplantation) Walter Freeman (lobotomy) Sir Victor Horsley (neurosurgery) Lars Leksell (neurosurgery, inventor of radiosurgery) Joseph Lister (discoverer of surgical sepsis, Listerine named in his honour)
See also (surgeries) - List of surgical proceduresAbdominal surgeryDental surgeryEye surgeryGeneral surgeryLaparoscopic surgeryPlastic surgeryRemote surgerySexual reassignment surgeryCardiac surgery
See also - BiomaterialFACSMedicineTraumatology
External links - idakerala.org - History of Dentistry pbs.org - Interview with Dr. Zahi Hawass, Director of the Pyramids wikiservice.at - WikiMed, a wiki with substatial information about surgery (in German languageGerman)Medicine Category:Surgery*Category:Professions!Surgeoncs:Chirurgieda:Kirurgid e:Chirurgiees:Cirugíafr:Chiru rgiega:Máinliachthe:כירו גיהlt:Chirurgijahu:Sebész etja:外科学ko:외과nl:Heel kundends:Kirurgiepl:Chirurgiap t:Cirurgiaru:Хирургияs r:Општа? !хирургијаsv:Kirurgizh :外科学simple:Surgery DEBUG REDIRECT (surgery)
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Websites
Surgical Dental Veterinary Instruments, Scissors & Pliers of All sorts
Surgical instruments have wide category. In all categories these instruments are well designed and the manufactured by the experts of their respective fields. The design and material of the products best cater the needs of surgeons. The material of our products are according to international standards. OEM Manufacturers & Exporters of Surgical, Dental, Ophthalmic, Orthopedic, Instruments Trays & Bowls, Orthodontic Pliers & Manicure Instruments & Kits
http://www.the-ironart.com/
CE Certified IV Cannula from Denex International
Presenting CE certified I.V. Cannula from an ISO13485:1996 and ISO9001:2000 certified company by the brandname of Dxflon, Pedican, Dxcan and Vasoflo. We are manufacturers and exporters of I.V. Cannula with PTFE catheter, Leurlock (Gauges- 14G, 16G, 17G, 18G, 20G, 22G, 24G) Variants- With wings with port With wings without port without wings without port and Non woven surgical disposables in India. Our range of non woven products include Surgeon's gown, Shoe Cover, O.T. Sheets, drapes etc by the Brandname of amie. Denex International, is aimed to serve the mankind with disposables with un-compromised quality at an affordable price thus achieving ultimate consumer delight.
http://www.ivcannula.com/
USED REFURBISHED MEDICAL EQUIPMENT
Reliable supplier of used medical equipment in North America. Venus Medequip Inc is without a doubt your number one source for obtaining New and Used medical equipment at a very tempting price. All Our equipment have been Quality checked to meet the OEM specification!! We always carry huge inventory of equipment. Our services Includes but not limited to: De- Installation ( If Required), Generating technical documentations, Functional checks and Physical inspection, Issuance of Quality Certificate.We have technical resources and manpower available through out North America and certain part of Europe.Equipment shipped worldwide.
http://www.venus-technologies.com/
Hospital for all Surgeries in Chennai.
Hospital for all common Surgeries in Genral Surgery, Plastic Surgery, Ob. & Gynaec Surgery,ENT, Urology, Orthopedics etc at our modern hi-tech Hospital in the heart of Chennai.
http://www.mohanraohospital.com/
Springer LINK
Information about scientific books and journals of the Springer publishing group, CD-ROM publications, software products, and catalogues, and online access (by subscription) to some contents.
http://link.springer.de/
InnerDyne, Inc.
Develops, manufactures and markets access products used to perform minimally invasive surgical procedures. (Nasdaq: IDYN).
http://www.ussurg.com/
Surgical Eyes Foundation
Grassroots organization which exists to help people who have had unsuccessful Lasik, PRK, RK or other refractive surgeries that resulted in debilitating complications.
http://www.surgicaleyes.org/
ScienceDirect
Research papers published on the net , subscription required for some sections.
http://www.sciencedirect.com
International Museum of Surgical Science
Features exhibits devoted to such subjects as radiology, orthopedics and pharmacy.
http://www.imss.org
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