Dictionary
fermented juice (of grapes especially) a red as dark as red wine drink wine treat to wine "Our relatives in Italy wined and dined us for a week"
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Wikipedia
This article is about the beverage. See Wine (software) Wine (software) for an article about the software of the same name.'' Wine is an alcoholic beverage that is made by fermentationfermenting grapes or grape juice. The word, wine, comes from the the Old English ''win'', which derives from the Proto-Germanic ''*winam'' which was an early borrowing from the Latin ''vinum'' (related to Greek languageGreek !''οἶν&omicron ;ς''),? which can mean either the "wine" or the "vine". Wine-like beverages can also be made from other fruit winesfruits or from flowers, grains, and even honey, in which case, a qualifier has to be used; for example, "elderberry wine". The word ''wine'' and its equivalents in other languages is protected by law in many jurisdictions and therefore should always mean ''grape wine''.This article discusses grape wine. For non-grape wines, see ''country wine'' for fruit and flower wines, ''sake'' for rice wine, ''baijiu'' for the Chinese cuisineChinese spirits sometimes translated "wine," and ''mead'' for honey wine.
History - The earliest known evidence of a fermented wine-like drink is from the Republic of ChinaChinese village of Jiahu dated from 6th millennium BC6000 to 7th millennium BC7000 BC pnas.org. The wine, found in 16 buried jars, contained millet, rice, beeswax (from honey) and either hawthorn fruit or wild grape. A 3,000 year old bronze jar has also been unearthed, still containing a similar liquid wine. (Persia) for example, ''mei'' (the Persian wine) has been a central theme of their poetry for more than a thousand years, although alcohol is strictly forbidden in Islam.]]Ancient pottery jars discovered at Hajji Firuz Tepe in the Zagros Mountains of present-day Iran, near the city of Urmia museum.upenn.edu, indicate that grape wine was produced as far back as 5th millennium BC5,400 BC. It is believed that the name of the Shiraz grape originates from the Persian town of the same name. This discovery is particularly significant, as Hajji Firuz Tepe was not a grape-growing area, the main crops being grains and the preferred drink of the time was beer. As ancient Babylon was located on the Silk Road from China to the Mediterranean, all indications suggest that wine was probably used as a commodity for trade.In ancient Egypt, wine played an important part in ceremonial life. Although wild grapes were never grown there, a thriving royal winemaking industry had been established in the Nile Delta. The industry was most likely the result of trade between Egypt and Canaan during the Early Bronze Age, commencing from at least the Third Dynasty (26th century BC2650 – 25th century BC2575 BC), the beginning of the Old Kingdom period (26th century BC2650 – 21st century BC2152 BC). Winemaking scenes on tomb walls, and the offering lists that accompanied them, included wine that was definitely produced at the deltaic vineyards. By the end of the Old Kingdom, five wines, all probably produced in the Delta, constitute a canonical set of provisions, or fixed "menu," for the afterlife. Christianity included wine in its rites where it takes the place of the blood of Jesus in the liturgies of Eastern Orthodox ChurchOrthodox, Roman Catholic ChurchCatholic and AnglicanismAnglican Christians. The advent of wine in Europe was the work of the Ancient GreeceGreeks who spread the art of grape-growing and winemaking in Ancient Greece and Ancient RomeRoman times.
Wine-producing regions - ]]Wine grapes grow almost exclusively between thirty and fifty north and between thirty and fifty degrees south of the Equator. The world's most southerly vineyards are in the South Island of New Zealand near the 45th parallel.The 13 largest export nations(2005 dates) – Italy, France, Spain, Australia, Chile, the United States of America, Germany, South Africa, Portugal, Moldova, Hungary, Croatia and Argentina. The vineyards of Algeria used to produce many fine wines, especially during and immediately after the era of French colonization, but the resurgence of Islamic consciousness among the populace since the 1970s has greatly reduced this industry. The leaders in export volume by market share in 2003 were: France, 22% Italy, 20% Spain, 17% Australia, 8% Chile, 6% United States, 5% Portugal 4% Germany 4%..''See also'': List of wine-producing regions
Wine grape varieties - Wine is usually made from one or more Variety (biology)varieties of the European species, Vitis vinifera. When one of these varieties, such as Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, or Zinfandel, for example, is used as the predominant grape (usually defined by law as a minimum of 75 or 85%) the result is a varietal, as opposed to a blended wine. Blended wines are in no way inferior to varietal wines; indeed, some of the world's most valued and expensive wines from the Bordeaux, Rioja or Tuscany regions, are a blend of several grape varieties of the same vintage.Wine can also be made from Vitis labrusca, from other species or from the hybrid of two species. ''Vitis labrusca'', ''Vitis aestivalis'', ''Vitis rupestris'', ''Vitis rotundifolia'' and ''Vitis riparia'' are native North American grapes, usually used for eating in fruit form or made into grape juice, but sometimes used for wine, eg. Concord grapeConcord wine. Hybrids of vinifera with other species were originally developed to combine American hardiness and resistance to phylloxera with European flavor. Although only rarely used and generally prohibited by law in traditional wine regions, hybrids are planted in substantial numbers in cool-climate viticultural areas. The variety of the land, the local yeast cultures and the climate and conditions under which grapes are grown, (called "''terroir''") combined to offer a great variety among wine products, which are further increased by the fermentation process itself and by improvements attained with proper aging, sometimes for several decades or more. However, variety is not in itself a sought-after quality for large producers of table wine or more affordable wines, where consistency is more important for large and modern factory wines, and mass-market wine brands. Their producers will try to hide any hint of often-unremarkable "''terroirs''", or climatically under-performing harvest years, by:
blending harvests of various years and vineyards; pasteurizing the grape juice in order to kill indigenous yeasts (to be replaced with "choice" cultivated yeasts); and using flavor additives.''See also'': List of grape varieties
Classification of wine -
By vinification methods - Wines may be classified by vinification methods. These include classifications such as sparkling, still, fortified, rosé, and blush. The colour of wine is not determined by the juice of the grape, which is almost always clear, but rather by the presence or absence of the grape skin during fermentation. Grapes with colored juice are known as teinturiers. Red wine is made from red (or black) grapes, but its red colour is bestowed by the skin being left in contact with the juice during fermentation. White wine can be made from any colour of grape as the skin is separated from the juice during fermentation. A white wine made from a very dark grape may appear pink or 'Blush wineblush'. Rosé wines are a compromise between reds and whites: the skin of red grapes is left in for a short time during fermentation, or a small amount of red wine is blended with a white wine.Sparkling wines, such as Champagne (beverage)champagne, are those with carbon dioxide, either from fermentation or added later. They vary from just a slight bubbliness to the classic Champagne. To have this effect, the wine is fermented twice, once in an open container to allow the carbon dioxide to escape into the air, and a second time in a sealed container, where the gas is caught and remains in the wine. Wines that gain their carbonation from the traditional method of bottle fermentation are called ''Méthode Traditionnelle'' wines in France. Other international denominations of sparkling wine include Sekt or Schaumwein (Germany), Cava (Spain), Spumante or Prosecco (Italy).''Fortified wines'' are often sweeter, always more alcoholic wines that have had their fermentation process stopped by the addition of a spirit, such as brandy. They include: Marsala wineMarsala Madeira wineMadeira Sherry Port WinePortBrandy is a distillation distilled wine. Grappa is a dry colorless brandy, distilled from fermented grape pomace, the pulpy residue of grapes, stems and seeds that were pressed for the winemaking process.
By taste - Wines may be also classified by their primary impression on the drinker's palate. They are made up of chemical compounds which are similar to those in fruits, vegetables, and spices. Different grape varieties are associated with the aromas and tastes of different compounds. Wines may be described as 'dry' (meaning they are without sugar), off-dry, fruity, or sweet, for example. The sweetness of wines can be measured in brix, at harvest, but is in actuality determined by the amount of residual sugar in the wine after fermentation. Dry wine, for example, has only a tiny amount of residual sugar. Specific flavors may also be sensed, at least by an experienced taster, due to the highly complex mix of organic molecules, such as esters, that a fully vinted wine contains.
White grapes - Sauvignon Blanc: Gooseberry, asparagus. Sémillon: Honey, Orange (fruit)orange, lime. Chardonnay: Butter, melon, apple, pineapple, vanilla (if oaked, i.e. vinified in new oak aging barrels) Chenin Blanc: Wet wood, beeswax, honey, apple, almond. Riesling: Citrus fruits, petrol, honey. Gewürztraminer: Rose petals, lychee, spice. Viognier: Peach, pear, nutmeg, apricot. Marsanne: Almond, honeysuckle, marzipan.
Red grapes - Gamay: Banana, bubble-gum, red fruits. Pinot Noir: Raspberry, cherry, violets, "farmyard" (with age). Zinfandel: Black cherry, mixed spices, mint. Shiraz: Tobacco, pepper, blackberry. Grenache: Smoky, pepper, raspberry. Tempranillo: Vanilla, strawberry, tobacco. Sangiovese: Herbs, black cherry, leathery, earthy. Nebbiolo: Leather, stewed prunes, chocolate, liquorice. Merlot: Black cherry, plums, pepper, coffee. Cabernet Franc: Tobacco, green bell pepper, raspberry, new-mown grass. Cabernet Sauvignon: Blackcurrants, chocolate, mint, tobacco. Mourvèdre: Thyme, clove, cinnamon, black pepper, violet, blackberry.
By vintage - Wines may be classified by the year in which the grapes are harvested. "Vintage wines" are made from grapes of a single year's harvest, and are accordingly dated. These wines often improve in flavor as they age, and wine enthusiasts will occasionally save bottles of a favorite vintage wine for future consumption. For most types of wine, the best-quality grapes and the most care in wine-making are employed on vintage wines. They are therefore more expensive than non-vintage wines. Whilst vintage wines are generally made in a single batch so that each and every bottle will have a similar taste, climatic factors can have a dramatic impact on the character of a wine to the extent that different vintages from the same vineyard can vary dramatically in flavor and quality. Superior vintages, from reputable producers and regions, will often fetch much higher prices than their average vintages. Some vintage wines are only made in better-than-average years. Conversely, wines such as White Zinfandel, which don't age well, are made to be drunk immediately and are not labeled with a vintage year. There are exceptions though. French Champagne is typically non-vintage, but may not be "cheap", and can sometimes profit from aging.
Collectible wines - At the highest end, rare, super-premium wines are amongst the most expensive of all foodstuffs, and outstanding vintages from the best vineyards may sell for thousands of dollars per bottle. Red wines, at least partly because of their ability to form more complex subtleties, are typically the most expensive. Such wines are often at their best, years or sometimes decades after bottling. On the other hand, they may turn into vinegar, and before opening the bottle there may be no way of knowing this. Part of the expense associated with high-end wine comes from the number of bottles which must be discarded in order to produce a drinkable wine. Restaurants will often charge between two to five times the price of what a Négociantwine merchant may ask for an exceptional vintage. This is for a reason: diners will often return wines that have gone foul and not bear the expense. For restaurateurs, serving old vintages is a risk that is compensated through elevated prices. Some high-end wines are Veblen goods (for conspicuous consumption).Exclusive wines come from all the best !List_of_wine_producing_regions winemaking regions of the world. Secondary markets for these wines have consequently developed, as well as specialised facilities for post-purchase storage for people to "invest" in wine. The most common wines purchased for investment are Bordeaux and Port winePort. Many wine writers have decried the trend, as it has pushed up prices to the point that few people will consider drinking such valuable commodities, and consequently they are kept in bottles undrunk where they eventually deteriorate into a substance very much like red wine vinegar in taste (and desirability).Also investment in fine wine has attracted a number of fraudsters who have played on fine wine's exclusive image, and their clients' ignorance of this sector of the wine market. Typically, the scams work by charging excessively high prices on the wine, while representing that it is a sound investment unaffected by economic cycles. Like any investment, proper research is essential before investing.Some wines, produced to mark significant events in a country or region, can also become collectible because of labelling design. An example is the Mildara Rhine Riesling produced in 1973 to mark the opening of the Sydney Opera House. Instead of labels, the bottles (red, as well as white) had printing in gold on them, as seen in the illustration. ''For special types of wines, see'' Category:Wines.
Types of wines -
Wine names - Wines are usually named, either by their grape variety or by their place of production. Historically, wines from Australia and the United States were named exclusively by their grape variety, while wines from France, Spain and Italy were identified by their place of production. This practice is changing, particularly in the United States and New Zealand where more quality wine-grape growing regions, such as Napa Valley, Russian River Valley, Willamette Valley, Sonoma, Walla Walla, etc., are appearing on labels, and are seen as clear differentiators of quality by many consumers.
Regional wine names - The taste of a wine depends not only on the grape species and varietal blend, but also on the ground and climate (known as terroir) where it is cultivated. Historically, wines have been known by names reflecting their origin, and sometimes style: Bordeaux, Rioja, Mosel-Saar-RuwerMosel and Chianti are all legally defined names, reflecting the traditional wines produced in the named region. These naming conventions or "appellations#wineappellations" (as they are known in France) dictate not only where the grapes in a wine were grown, but also which grapes went into the wine and how they were vinified. The appellation system is strongest in the European Union, but a related system, the American Viticultural Area, restricts the use of certain regional labels in America, such as Napa County, CaliforniaNapa Valley, santa Barbara, CaliforniaSanta Barbara and Willamette Valley. The AVA designations do not restrict the type of grape used. New World wines are known primarily by their varietal content, and not by their region.The inconsistent application of historical European designations can be confusing. For example, in most of the world, wine labeled ''Champagne (beverage)Champagne'' must be made from grapes grown in the Champagne region of France and fermented using certain method, based on the international trademark agreements included in the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. However, in the United States (except Oregon), these and the following European appellations are allowed to be used as generic wine names: Asti Bordeaux wineBordeaux Burgundy_wineBurgundy Chablis Champagne ChiantiAll of these are names of specific regions in Europe. While most countries restrict the use of these place names, there exists a legal definition called semi-generic in the United States that enables U.S. winemakers to apply these terms to their wines even though the product does not come from these specific places. Some suggest that this naming practice causes confusion, and thus, it is being protested by Europeans. Generally only less expensive, mass-produced wines (or ''vin ordinaire'') make use of these place names as semi-generic wine names. Makers of American fine wines avoid these terms out of respect for their European counterparts. Thus, the finest sparkling wines from California will be labeled "sparkling wine", while some less expensive sparkling wines from California as well as states, such as Ohio and New York, may bear the name "Champagne".Some blended wine names are marketing terms, and the use of these names is governed by trademark or copyright law, rather than a specific wine law or a patent on the actual varietal blend or process used to achieve it: Meritage is generally a Bordeaux-style blend of Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot, and may also include Cabernet Franc, Petit Verdot, and Malbec. Pinotage is a wine created by Professor Perold by cross-pollinating the two grape varieties of Pinot Noir and Cinsault. It is produced in South Africa and to a much lesser degree New Zealand.
Uses of wine - Wine is a popular and important beverage that accompanies and enhances a wide range of Cuisine of EuropeEuropean and Mediterranean dietMediterranean-style cuisines, from the simple and traditional to the most sophisticated and complex. Red, white and sparkling wines are the most popular, and are also known as light wines, because they only contain approximately 10-14% alcohol. The aperitif and dessert wines contain 14-20% alcohol, and are fortified to make them richer and sweeter than the light wines. Although there are many classes of dinner wines, they are all used under six specific classes, as follows: aperitif (or better known as "appetizer wines"): include dry sherry, Madeira wineMadeira, Vermouth, and other flavored wines, made to be consumed before eating a meal. red dinner wines: These wines are usually dry and go extremely well with such main-course dishes as red meats, spaghetti, and highly-seasoned foods. They should be served at a cool room temperature to bring out their aroma. The most popular red dinner wines are claret, Burgundy, Chianti, and Cabernet Sauvignon. Pink dinner wines (also called "rose wines"), a special class of red wines, can be served with almost any dish, but are considered best with cold meats, pork, and curry!curries.
white dinner wines: Usually either very dry or rather sweet, these wines should be served chilled, and go well with white meats, seafood, and fowl. They include Rhine wines, Chablis, sauterne, and wine made from different grape varieties such as Chardonnay and RieslingWhite Riesling. sparkling wines: Usually served at any meal with any course, these wines are most frequently served at banquets, formal dinners and weddings. The most common sparking wines are Champagne (white) and sparkling Burgundy (red). table wine: Table wine is not bubbly, although some have a very slight carbonation, the amount of which is not enough to disqualify them as table wines. According to U.S. standards of identity, table wines may have an alcohol content that is no higher than 14 percent. In Europe, light wine must be within 8.5 percent and 14 percent alcohol by volume. As such, unless a wine has more than 14 percent alcohol, or it has bubbles, it is a table wine or a light wine. dessert wines: Ranging from medium-sweet to sweet, these wines are classified under dessert wines only because they are sometimes served with desserts. Among these are port wine, sweet sherry, Tokay, and muscatel. The labels on certain bottles of wine suggest that they need to be set aside for an hour before drinking (ie. to "breathe"), while other wines are recommended to be drunk as soon as they are opened. 'Breathing' means allowing a wine to aerate before drinking. Generally, younger wines benefit from some aeration, while older wines do not. The word, "younger", refers to the first one third of a wine’s life, which varies from wine type to wine type and from wine to wine. For most white wines, "younger" means up to one to two years, while for red wines, they could mean as little as a few months, for a Beaujolais Nouveau, up to ten years for a hearty Barossa Shiraz. "Older", on the other hand, refers to the last one third of their lives.During aeration, the exposure of younger wines to air often "relaxes" the flavours and makes them taste slightly smooth and better integrated in aroma, texture, and flavor. Wines that are older generally fade (lose their character and flavor intensity) with extended aeration. Breathing, however, does not benefit all wines, and should not therefore be taken to the extreme. In general, wine should be tasted as soon as it is opened to determine how long it may be aerated, if at all. It should then be tasted every 15 minutes until the wine is, according to individual preference, ready to drink. As a general rule, younger white wines normally require no more than 15-30 minutes of aeration while younger red wines should be no more than 30-60 minutes. If in doubt, it is better to err on the side of too little aeration than too much.Wine is also used in religious ceremonies in many cultures and the wine trade is of historical importance for many regions. The New Testament even claims that Jesus' very first miracle was to turn water into wine (John 2:1-11).Some wines are produced commercially as cooking wine, which is considerd by many to be extremely salty, and of a much lower grade than even box wine.
Medical implications - The health effects of wine (and Alcoholic_beverages#Effects on the human bodyalcohol in general) are the subject of considerable ongoing debate and study. In the USA, a boom in red wine consumption was touched off in the 1990s by '60 Minutes', and other news reports on the French paradox.It now seems clear that regular consumption of up to 1-2 drinks a day (1 standard drink is approximately equal to 5 oz, or 125 ml, of 13% wine) does reduce mortality, due to 10%–40% lower risk of coronary heart disease, for those over the age of 35 or so (see Alcohol consumption and health). Originally, the effect was observed with red wine. Compounds, known as polyphenols, are found in larger amounts in red wine, and there is some evidence that these are especially beneficial. One particularly interesting polyphenol found in red wine is resveratrol, to which numerous beneficial effects have been attributed. With larger amounts, however, the effect is compensated by the increased rate of various alcohol-related diseases, primarily cancers of mouth, upper respiratory tract, and ultimately, cirrhosis of liver.Other studies have shown that similar beneficial effects can be obtained from drinking beer, and distilled spirits. It is unclear if this means that the only important ingredient is ethanol. Dean Edell, M.D., asserts that there are "differences of opinion about whether beer, wine, or liquor offers the quickest route to a longer life. Of ten major studies, one-third found this true for wine, one-third for beer, and one-third for liquor. Most researchers now believe that it is the alcohol in all of them that provides the magic, but they don’t rule out other components of alcoholic beverages."Sulfites (or sulphites) are compounds found in wine that act as a preservative — and can trigger a severe and life-threatening allergyallergic reaction in a small percentage of consumers, primarily asthmatics. In the USA nearly all commercially produced wine is required to state on the label that it contains sulfites. In other countries they do not have to be declared on the label, leading to a common mistaken belief that only wine from the USA contains sulfites. Many consumers who have adverse reactions to wine, such as headaches or hangovers, blame added sulfites but are probably reacting instead to naturally-occurring histamines. The quantity of sulfites in a glass of wine is the same as a serving of dried apricots.
List of other wine-related data -
Wine-based drinks - List of cocktails#Cocktails with wineList of cocktails with wine Brandy: A general term for distilled wine. Calimocho: A cheap alcoholic drink, comprising 50% red wine and 50% cola drink. Mulled wine (known in Scandinavia as Glögg): A red wine, combined with spices, and usually served hot. Sangria SpainSpanish: A wine punch, comprising red wine, chopped fruits, sugar, and a small amount of brandy or other spirits. Spritzer: A tall, chilled drink, usually made of white wine and soda water. Wine cooler: An alcoholic beverage made from wine and fruit juice, often in combination with a carbonated beverage and sugar. Zurracapote: A popular Spanish alcoholic drink comprising mainly of red wine, spirit, fruit juice, sugar and cinnamon. Rebujito: A mixture of manzanilla wine, mixed with a soft drink like Sprite or 7 Up. Non-alcoholic wine
Wine-related objects - Aging barrel: A barrel used to age wine or distilled spirits. Amphora: A type of ceramic vase, used for transporting and storing wine. Barrel (storage)Barrel: A hollow cylindrical container, traditionally made of wood staves, used for fermenting and aging wine. Butt (unit)Butt: An old English unit of wine casks, equivalent to about 477 litres or 126 US gallons (105 imperial gallons). Cork (material): Tissue material, harvested from the Cork oak tree, and very suitable as a material for bottle stoppers. Corkscrew (tool)Corkscrew: A tool, comprising a pointed metallic helix attached to a handle, for drawing stopper (plug)stopping corks from bottles. Napkin is used around a bottleneck to stop drops running on bottle surface after pouring wine to glasses. Screwcap: An alternative to cork for sealing wine bottles, comprising a metal cap that screws onto threads on the neck of a bottle. Also called a "Stelvin". Wine bottle: A small container, with a neck that is narrower than the body, that allows long-term aging of wine when combined with a high-quality stopper, such as a cork. Wine cooler: An accessory, such as an ice bucket, for cooling wine. Wine label: The label on a wine bottle that must provide at least the minimum amount of information prescribed by law. Wine-press: A device, comprising two vats or receptacles, one for trodding and bruising grapes, and the other for collecting the juice. Wine stopper: An accessory, used to close leftover wine bottles because it is hard to put the original cork back into the bottleneck.See also Wine accessory.
Professions - Cooper (profession)Cooper: Someone who makes wooden barrels, casks, and other similar wooden objects. Négociant: A wine merchant who assembles the produce of smaller growers and winemakers, and sells them under his own name. Sommelier: A waiter in a restaurant who specializes in wine. Vintner (also called "oenologist"): A winemaker or wine merchant.
Prominent personalities - Abraham Izak Perold, Prof. Albert Seibel: A French hybridist (1844-1936) who made "Seibel grapes", that are hybrid crosses of European wine grapes (''Vitis vinifera'') with native North American grapes. Ausonius: Frequently cited by historians of winemaking, as his works give early evidence of large-scale viniculture in the now-famous wine country around his native Bordeaux, France. Dom Perignon (person)Dom Perignon: A Benedictine monk frequently credited with the invention of Champagne. and for which, Dom Perignon, the famous brand of Champagne is named after. Georges Duboeuf: A prominent Beaujolais bottler who has won countless awards for his wines. James Busby: Widely regarded as the "father" of the Australian wine industry, as he was the man who introduced vine to Australia, from Spain and France. Nathaniel de Rothschild: Founder of the French wine-making branch of the Mayer Amschel Rothschild familyRothschild family. Philippe de Rothschild: A member of the Rothschild family, and the most successful wine grower in the world. Robert M. Parker, Jr.: An influential wine critic from the United States. Robert Mondavi: A leading vineyard operator whose technical improvements and marketing strategies brought worldwide recognition for the wines of the Napa Valley in California. Simon Van Der Stel Taittinger family: A French family that is a famous producer of champagne. William Charles Winshaw, Dr.
Vineyards and distributors - Château Cheval Blanc: An excellent vineyard in Saint-Émilion, France. Château Mouton Rothschild: Located at Bordeaux, France, it is widely regarded as one of the producer of the world's greatest wines, and was the first estate to begin complete chateau bottling of the harvest. Château Pétrus: The vineyard that produces the flagship wine of the Pomerol wine region in Bordeaux. Distell Douglas Green Bellingham (DGB) KWV (Koöperatiewe Winjnbouwers Vereniging van Zuid-Afrika): The name of the company, formed in 1997, from the former winemakers cooperative in South Africa. Remick Ridge Vineyards: A California-based vineyard and winery, owned and operated by the Smothers Brothers. Royal Wine Company: Also known as "Kedem", is a U.S.-incorporated Kosher food manufacturing and distribution corporation, run by the Herzog family since 1848; is the leader in the Kosher beverage industry, holding exclusive United States distribution rights for several Israeli wines and spirits, and is especially known for the Baron Herzog Varietals line of wines. Marchesi Antinori Massaya: Excellent wine from Lebanon
Films - ''Mondovino'', USA/France 2004: A documentary film directed by American film maker, Jonathan Nossiter, explaining the impact of globalization on the various wine-producing regions. ''Sideways'', 2004: A comedy/drama film, directed by Alexander Payne, with the tagline: ''In search of wine. In search of women. In search of themselves.'', in which wine, particularly Pinot Noir, plays a central role.
See also - Top4 :Wine !making:APCOR:Appellation:Biody namic? wine:Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855:Bottle variation:Botrytis:Box wine:ChateauMid4 :Claret:Cold Duck:Cork taint:Dionysus:Farm winery :Grape juice:Master of Wine:May wine:Noble rot:OenologyMid4 :Wines of PortugalPortuguese wines:Moldavian !wines:Reserva:Sake:Semi-generi c:Sweetness? of wine:Tannins:Tasting flight:Two buck ChuckMid4 !:Varietal:Vine:Vinegar:Vineyar d:Viticulture:Thomas? Bramwell Welch :Wine bar:Wine faults:Winefat:WineryBottom
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Websites
Sander's Home
Personal website of Sander van Pelt
http://www.van-pelt.com/
Toronto's Fifty Best Restaurants
A guide to fine dining for savvy travelers, with reviews and links to the fifty best restaurants in Toronto, and more.
http://www.thefiftybest.com/
Explore Nelson Wine
8 wineries on the sunrise side of the Blue Ridge Parkway in Nelson County Virginia
http://www.explorenelsonwine.com/
Convention and Visitors Association of Lane County Oregon (CVALCO)
For the past 25 years, the Convention & Visitors Association of Lane County Oregon (CVALCO) has been marketing Lane County as a convention, meeting, event, and leisure-travel destination to attract overnight visits, thereby enhancing the economic and social well being of Lane County's communities. A recognized visitor industry leader, CVALCO partners with business, civic, government, and community groups, including its 500+ members. CVALCO provides visitors with services and resources to ensure a quality experience. The Official Lane County Oregon Visitor Guide, Meeting & Event Planner, Relocation Guide, Restaurant Guide, and Events Calendar are among CVALCO publications made available to visitors, as well as tools used to promote CVALCO members. CVALCO also operates a Visitor Center and mobile visitor van stocked with numerous attraction and visitor-related brochures to assist visitors. CVALCO is a private, nonprofit association funded by room tax paid by visitors using lodging facilities and campgrounds.
http://www.visitlanecounty.org/
Sonoma Toffee Works
Wine Country's Signature Toffee Gifts
http://www.sonoma-toffee.com/
Keg Springs Winery
Keg Springs is located in central Tennessee about an hour south of Nashville. We have a wide range of wines from sweet to dry. See a listing of our wines and special events on our web site.
http://www.kegsprings.com/
Chapaize
Site officiel du village de Chapaize, en Bourgogne du sud et de son église chef d'oeuvre de l'art roman primitif. Official website of Chapaize.
http://www.chapaize.org/
The Olympia Restaurant
A casual mediterranean restaurant serving fresh food in downtown Lindsay. Established in 1906, a century of people have been meeting for family dinners, business meetings and all of life's celebrations. Meet you at the Olympia!
http://www.olympiarestaurant.ca/
vitrinelli - Confidences de dégustation
Confidences de dégustation or in english Secrets of Tastings : A small book which redraws the course of a sommelier in the wine lands and introducing in each publication, an appellation discribed in a original way. It answers numerous questions as for instance: what are the generic perfumes you have to be in search of an appellation? what are nuances between the different producers? what are the aromas of vintages? etc...
http://www.vitrinelli.com/
Wine Distributors, Importers, Wholesalers of wines, spirits, liquors and beers
Wine importers, distributors, agents, wholesalers of wines spirits, liquor, beers, wineries, distilleries, breweries Directory
http://www.internationalbeveragenetwork.com
Hopewell Valley Vineyards, LLC
We blend Old World flair with New World style to create a Tuscan wine experience in NJ.
http://www.hopewellvalleyvineyards.com/
Classic Movies
Classic Movies (1939-1969): Welcome to The Golden Years
http://www.thegoldenyears.org/
Planetavin.com
Todo sobre el vino, todos los días.
http://www.planetavino.com/
The Epicurean Digest
An online ezine with articles about food related health issues, topics as well as tips and quips. Issues have one article of a cautionary nature and another highlighting the health benefits of a particular food.
http://www.epicureandigest.com/
Azienda Agricola Sacco Vincenzo
Produzione e vendita anche on-line di prodotti biologici e tipici pugliesi.
http://www.aziendasacco.com/
Michael Morgan Wine Services
Michael Morgan has enjoyed 30 years in the UK Wine Trade buying and selling the great wines of the World.
http://www.mmorgan.co.uk/
Fox Estate Winery
The roots of our family estate winery can be traced over thirty years of agricultural operations on the Wahluke Slope of the Saddle Mountains. Three generations of the Fox family have worked to produce wine grapes and wines of extraordinary caliber. Now in our seventh year of producing vintages in our own Fox Estate Winery label, our production has grown to include three varieties of white wines: Riesling, Gewürztraminer and Semillon, and five varieties of red wines: Sangiovese , Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah and Lemberger. In addition, our family produces the unique and extraordinary Mystic Gold, a true apple wine blended with fresh peach flavor that must be tasted to be believed! Our winery has been the recipient of many awards and accolades in out short time of production, including a coveted Gold Medal at the San Francisco International Wine Competition for our first offering of Riesling in 2001. Our wines styled to reflect the magic of the grapes grown on the Wahluke Slope. Easy to enjoy, our wines are styled to be savored. One of the most popular events at Fox Estate Winery is the Annual Pacific Northwest Brat Fest; held every third weekend in October at the winery. Wine tasting, live entertainment, authentic catering and dancing make this an enjoyable event for the entire family. We hope to see you all there! In addition, we often offer wine tasting on the lawn during the summer months, and Christmas specialties during the holiday season. From the Fox Family, Cheers!
http://www.foxestatewinery.com/
St Tropez Bakery & Bistro
St Tropez Bakery & Bistro bringing the taste and ambiance of the South of France to your neighborhood!
http://www.sdcitybeat.com/
Hong Kong Dining is one of the best known restaurant groups in Hong Kong's fashionable Soho and Mid Levels districts.
Hong Kong Dining is one of the best known restaurant groups in Hong Kong's fashionable Soho and Mid Levels districts. We make it easy to book a table for friendly, quality dining at affordable prices
http://www.hkdining.com/
InsiderEntertainment.com
InsiderEntertainment.com ~ the premier creative online manual for metropolitan individuals seeking entertainment and enjoyment in their professional, social and cultural endeavours.
http://www.insiderentertainment.com/
CHAMPAGNE, WINE, AND COOKING ACCESSORIES
HAYDEE BUGALLO IS ONE OF THE LEADING IMPORTERS IN THE WORLD THAT CARRIES SEVERAL PATENTED UNIQE INNOVATIVE PRODUCTS AND GADGETS FOR THE HOME AND GARDEN. VISIT OUR WEBPSITE TO LEARN AND SEE THE MANY ITEMS WE SELL. IT WILL BE TIME WELL SPENT.
http://www.descorjet.tarc-fences.com/
Paige Poulos Communications
THE AGENCY FOR FORWARD-LOOKING COMPANIES LED BY PEOPLE WHO SHARE OUR PASSION FOR WINE AND LUXURY SPIRITS, OUR AMBITION, QUEST FOR BOTTOM-LINE RETURNS ON INVESTMENT, AND VISIONARY OUTLOOK
http://www.paigepoulos.com/
villavalenti.com
Italian restaurant ans sauce co..located near Albany,NY
http://www.villavalenti.com/
TERANO-BAR
Cocktail Bar Toyohashi City Aichi Pref. Japan
http://www.jjc-jp.com/terano-bar/
Queen Tees
Funky Tshirts, Sassy Princess wear, Royal Tshirts, Queen Lifestyle designs,
http://www.queentees.com/
Freeport Cheese & Wine
Specialty foods, wine and beer....unique cheeses....Maine foods and candy and chocolate.
http://www.fcandw.com/
Southern Circle Tours and Safaris
Visit mystical Africa and return home with the mosty amazing memories... arguably the best trip you ever invested in! Our pledge; it will be a life changing experience!
http://www.southerncircle.com/
Brew Buddies
Home Winemaking and Homebrewing equipment, ingredients, and supplies
http://www.brewbuddies.com
Teatro Naturale
Newsweek about agricolture, nature and nutrition
http://www.teatronaturale.it/
Travel
Argentina Escapes currently operates luxury travel around Argentina and South America. Tailor made tours in Argentina, Patagonia, Iguazu Falls
http://www.argentinaescapes.com/
Canada's largest online wine store
WineryToHome.com offers the wines of over 30 wineries – which means visitors can choose from well over 400 wines – almost all VQA. This well exceeds the VQA selection at the LCBO’s largest stores.
http://www.winerytohome.com/
Mamma Agata's cooking school
Mamma Agata’s cooking course takes place in her private home, situated on a clifftop, 1000 feet above the sea level, a very gracious home that majestically overlooks the Amalfi Coastline, with wonderful terraces and a spacious garden full of lemon trees, fruit trees, flowers, vegetables and poultry. She produces nearly all the food that she cooks!! “Mamma Agata” has been the chef for many major Hollywood actors and actress, Humphrey Bogart, Anita Eckberg, Richard Burton, Lyz Taylor, Fred Astaire, Charles Cubbon, Van Efflin, Federico Fellini (big pasta e fagioli eater ), Jaqueline Kennedy ( 1962 in Ravello ), Marcello Mastroianni, and for important international journalists, writers, politicians such as Susanna Agnelli. She has a special gift for cooking and will show you how to create many wonderful pasta, including her own special recipes. Ingredients used include veal, fish, chicken and seasonal vegetables, while dishes demonstrated include pizzas, cakes, traditional marmalade and conserves. You will learn the secrets of traditional Italian Cuisine in a relaxing, friendly and warm atmosphere. Every day at the end of the lesson you will be able to taste the various recipes and enjoy some of the best local wine, while sitting on a breathtaking terrace overlooking the Mediterranean sea. At the end of the course you will be able to cook wonderful Italian meals for yourself, your family, friends, partners etc.; organise Italian evening; or just follow a natural Mediterranean diet which is known to be one of the healthiest in the world.
http://www.mammaagata.com/
The Good Wine shop
on this site you will find a wine directory, information about french and kosher wines.
http://www.vineyards-direct.com
Shakespearean B&B and Cooking School
The 10,000 square foot mansion was designed in the Shakespearean style. It is well known for its elegant dining room, Old English Tavern with a massive fireplace, period details and grand and secret staircases . The Cedar Gables Inn offers nine uniquely decorated guest rooms with beautiful antiques. The rooms include queen beds, private baths, luxurious robes, complimentary port and chocolate, some with fireplaces and two person whirlpool tubs. A three course gourmet breakfast is served in the breakfast room. The evening wine and hor d'oeuvres are offered in the comfortable Tavern. The Cedar Gables offers Specialty cooking classes to guests. Wine paring dinners in the grand dining room can be arranged for group activities.
http://www.cedargablesinn.com/
THE NIBBLE - Gourmet food magazine with product reviews of the best gourmet food and specialty food
Online gourmet food magazine and website with a thousand product reviews of gourmet food and beverages. There's also an opt-in newsletter about gourmet foods and beverages that delivers a top food pick of the week, and a tip of the day. THE NIBBLE is the only consumer publication devoted to specialty foods.
http://www.thenibble.com
Wine The Experience
A personal winery, providing people with the experience of making their own custom bottles of wine.
http://www.winetheexperience.com/
Frohsz Family Online
Private Website about us, about Malaysia,travel, books, cooking asian style, restaurants, wine and a lot more
http://www.frohsz.de/
Rhodi Hawk
Website for author and personality Rhodi Hawk
http://www.rhodihawk.com/
www.vineyardsimple.com
A complete guide on how to build and maintain your own vineyard, with illustrations, diagrams and references.
http://www.vineyardsimple.com/
The Scale Model Airplane Collector!
The Scale Model Airplane Collector! is designed to be the only collecting software program you will ever need to catalog and collect any type scale model airplane.
http://www.collectiblessoftware.com/TSMAC.html
http://www.Buy-wine-online.nl
Internet wijnwinkel
http://www.buy-wine-online.nl/
Village Marketplace
A Boutique Market in Manalapan Fl specializing in Natural & Organic as well as Gourmet Specialty items.
http://www.myvillagemarketplace.com/
Kosher Technical Konsultants
Shield Star-K Kosher Certification provides kosher supervision worldwide. Shield Star-K's kosher symbol assures global acceptance, personalized service, calls answered around the clock
http://www.koshertechnicalkonsultants.org/
JosiansWine
The emphasis of the website is writing for the consumer about wine quality available at New York stores.
http://www.josianswine.com/
Wine Chix
Your complete source for all things wine. From wine education, to wine articles, to wine gifts and wine travel.
http://www.winechix.com
Wine Country: Wine, Food, Travel, Lodging, Events, Wineries and Vacation Planning
WineCountry.com Your site for wine country travel, wine, food, events, lodging, wineries, vacation planning, and more.
http://www.winecountry.com/
Natural wines
We produce the classical Asti's wines like Barbera, Dolcetto and Moscato in a natural way with traditional and natural methods.
http://www.vinicapra.it/
Wine tasting tours in Bordeaux
Bordeaux Wine Travel offers private chauffeur driven wine tours with wine tasting to famous chateaux in the Bordeaux region (St. Emilion, Medoc, Sauternes, Graves etc.) and a chauffeur service for all transportation in the south-west of France: tourist trips (Arcachon, Cognac, Dordogne etc.), airport transfer, VIP transport.
http://www.bordeaux-wine-travel.com
Bio-eco lifestyle!
Midgaard is a trendy lifestyle retailstore, specialised in organic en eco-friendly products and gifts. Online store, we ship worldwide.
http://www.midgaardshop.be/
Wine Importer introducing New Wines from the Old World
U.S. Wine Importer specializing in Romanian wines
http://www.terrafirmausa.com/
Chateau La Borie, Red Rhone Valley Wines
Chateau La Borie at Suze-la-Rousse, Rhone valley in Provence France produces red wines Cotes du Rhone and Villages. Varietals syrah grenache and mourvedre. Come and visit us.
http://www.chateau-la-borie.fr/
Fancy That Design
Custom wooden packaging
http://www.fancythatdesign.com/
sorrento cooking school
italian school of cooking in sorrento, cooking lessons, cookery courses, wine and food tours
http://www.sorrentocookingschool.com/
Gibson Heritage House Bed & Breakfast in the sunny Okanagan
Penticton Bed and Breakfast Gibson Heritage House, built in 1906, is situated in the heart of the Okanagan Valley: Penticton, British Columbia. Spend time at the beach, in the city or on the mountain - Penticton has something to offer everyone.
http://www.gibsonbb.com/
history, art, culture, architecture of Pisa
history, art, culture, architecture of Pisa.10,000 photos in the archives and important the historical, richest antichi document archives
http://www.stilepisano.it/
RHAS
Valuers and brokers of plant, machinery and equipment and all personal assets
http://www.rhas.biz/
France For Families
An online travel guide to booking a family holiday in France and the best attractions to visit.
http://www.france4families.com/
Winepalate.com
Online merchant of fine wines, sake & crystal glasses & decanters. Free WineLife Preservation Spray for purchases over $50.
http://www.winepalate.com/
Whiskyroom
Links to all the major distilleries and breweries. We have information on real ale, wines and port as well as vegetarian and vegan information. For up to date news, reviews and help visit the forum and read other drinkers notes on whisky, beer, port and wine.
http://whiskyroom.co.uk/
The world's most notherly vineyard
An unike collection of wines
http://www.munchwine.com/
LIVIO PESLE
Italian food tradition,artisan preparation of wine jellies, gourmet condiments, low fat mayonnaise without eggs
http://www.liviopesle.com/
Wines and Extravergin Olive Oils from Lucca and Montecarlo
Founded in 2001, Vinidocc is an online wine shop offering a great deal of Lucca's best wines and olive oils. By clicking on www.vinidocc.com you will enter its web-site to find a unique selection of typical products of the renowned Colline Lucchesi and the medioeval village of Montecarlo, near Lucca.
http://www.vinidocc.it/
Napa Winery Shuttle Excursions
Napa Valley's premiere tour service, our friendly guides offer a flexible, affordable way for you to enjoy the best of wine country.
http://www.wineshuttle.com/
WineMaking Radio
Destination site for information about the hobby of making wine. Listen or read wine making interviews, product tips and wine news.
http://www.winemakingradio.com/
Wine & Beer Homebrewers Quality Site of everything they need
Pelican Home Brewing is a proud supplier of Quality Home brewing items for the brewer of Wine, Beer and Soda. Equipment, ingredients, supllies, Beer Making Kits, Wine Making Kits all available and much more.
http://www.pelicanhomebrewing.com/
AMSAN COMMODITIES
We deal in Sugar, Tomato Paste, Biodiesel, Safflower Oil, Pineapple, Canned Tuna & Sardines, Olives, Camellia Oil, Corn Oil, Frozen Meat, Bitumen, Caviar, Beans, Ceramic tiles, Sanitary, MAP, MKP, Energy Drink, Soup, Fertilizers, Phosphate Products, Garlic, Water, Pasta, Sunflower Oil, Chicken, Urea, Cocoa, Foodstuff, Pesticides, Concentred Brazilian Natural Juices. Wheat, Corn/Maize, Cement, Clinker,Rice, Soybean, , Coal, DAP, HMS, Milk Powder, Chemicals, Rails, Silica Sand, Beverages, Ginger, Groundnuts, Seeds, Beer, Wine, Fungicides, etc...
http://www.amsan.org/
Mainbrace International Limited
Agents in Atlantic Canada for a worldwide selection of fine wines, beers, and spirits.
http://www.mainbrace.ca/
Hotel Anker - Weinhaus Anker
Romantic hotel, restaurant and family run winery in Bavaria (franconia) with great surrounding and short distances to wuerzburg, frankfurt, rothenburg, Miltenberg, romantic road, nature park spessart
http://www.hotel-anker.de/
Wine Development HQ
Wine is a free implementation of Windows on Unix. WineHQ is a collection of resources for Wine developers and users.
http://www.winehq.com/
Wine Spectator Magazine
Online site for major American wine and lifestyle print magazine. Columns, wine reviews and bulletin boards.
http://www.winespectator.com/
Wine.com
A retailer offering a large selection of domestic and imported wines. Also a searchable database.
http://www.wine.com/
Wine Searcher.com
Searchable database of wine merchant lists. Locate which wine stores stock specific products and compare prices on a single page.
http://www.wine-searcher.com/
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