wood

the hard fibrous lignified substance under the bark of trees the trees and other plants in a large densely wooded area United States film actress (1938-1981) English conductor (1869-1944) English writer of novels about murders and thefts and forgeries (1814-1887) United States painter noted for works based on life in the Midwest (1892-1942) any wind instrument other than the brass instruments a golf club with a long shaft used to hit long shots

originally made with a wooden head

"metal woods are now standard"

This article describes the material produced by trees. For other uses, see Wood (disambiguation). , The Netherlands]]Wood derives from woody plants, notably trees but also shrubs. Wood from the latter is only produced in small sizes, reducing the diversity of uses. Wood is a hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material. Dry wood is composed of fibers of cellulose (40%–50%) and hemicellulose (20%–30%) held together by lignin (25%–30%). Wood is the xylem tissue of the plant.

Uses - s can use wood to create delicate sculptures.]]Wood has been used by man for millenia for many purposes, being many things to many people. One of its primary uses is as fuel. It may also be used as a material, for making artworks, boats, buildings, furniture, ships, tools, weapons, etc. Wood has been an important construction material since humans began building shelters, and remains in plentiful use today. Construction wood is commonly known as timber in International English, and lumber in American English. Wood may be broken down and be made into particle boardchipboard, engineered wood, hardboard, medium-density fibreboard (MDF), oriented strand board (OSB), paper or used to make other synthetic substances.

Formation - A tree increases in diameter by the formation, between the old wood and the inner bark, of new woody layers which envelop the entire stem, living branches, and roots. Where there are clear seasons, this can happen in a discrete pattern, leading to what is known as Dendrochronologygrowth rings, as can be seen on the end of a log. If these seasons are annual these growth rings are annual rings. Where there is no seasonal difference growth rings are likely to be absent. Within a growth ring it may be possible to see two more or less well-defined parts. The part nearest the centre of the tree is more open textured and almost invariably lighter in color than that near the outer portion of the ring. The inner portion is formed early in the season, when growth is comparatively rapid; it is known as early wood or spring wood. The outer portion is the late wood or summer wood, being produced in the summer. In Pinus classificationwhite pines there is not much contrast in the different parts of the ring, and as a result the wood is very uniform in texture and is easy to work. In Pinus classificationhard pines, on the other hand, the late wood is very dense and is deep-colored, presenting a very decided contrast to the soft, straw-colored early wood. In ring-porous woods each season's growth is always well defined, because the large pores of the spring abut on the denser tissue of the fall before. In the diffuse-porous woods, the demarcation between rings is not always so clear and in some cases is almost (if not entirely) invisible to the unaided eye.

Knots - Knots are portions of branches included in the wood of the stem or larger branch. Branches generally originate at or near the pith (central axis) of a plant stemstem, and the living portion will increase in size through the addition of annual woody layers which are a continuation of those of the stem. The included portion is irregularly conical in shape with the tip at the pith. The fibre direction is at right angles or oblique to the Wood graingrain of the stem, thus producing local cross grain. Note that a small knot may also be the result of a dormant bud.During the development of a tree the lower limbs die, but may persist for a time--often for years. Subsequent layers of growth of the stem are no longer intimately joined with the dead limb, but are laid around it. Hence dead branches produce knots which are nothing more than pegs in a hole, and likely to drop out after the tree has been sawn. In grading lumber and structural timber, knots are classified according to their form, size, soundness, and the firmness with which they are held in place.Knots materially affect checking (cracking) and warping, ease in working, and cleavability of timber. They are defects which weaken timber and depreciate its value for structural purposes where strength is an important consideration. The weakening effect is much more serious where timber is subjected to bending and tension than where under physical compressioncompression. The extent to which knots affect the strength of a Beam (structure)beam depends upon their position, size, number, direction of fibre, and condition. A knot on the upper side is compressed, while one on the lower side is subjected to tension. The knot, especially (as is often the case) if there is a season check in it, offers little resistance to this tensile stress. Small knots, however, may be so located in a beam along the neutral plane as actually to increase the strength by tending to prevent longitudinal shear stressshearing. Knots in a board or plank are least injurious when they extend through it at right angles to its broadest surface. Knots which occur near the ends of a beam do not weaken it. Sound knots which occur in the central portion one-fourth the height of the beam from either edge are not serious defects.Knots do not necessarily influence the stiffness of structural timber. Only defects of the most serious character affect the elastic limit of beams. Stiffness and elastic strength are more dependent upon the quality of the wood fibre than upon defects in the beam. The effect of knots is to reduce the difference between the fibre stress at elastic limit and the Young's modulusmodulus of rupture of beams. The breaking strength is very susceptible to defects. Sound knots do not weaken wood when subject to compression parallel to the Wood graingrain.For some purposes, e.g. wall panelling, knots are considered a plus as they add visual texture to the wood, giving it a more interesting appearance.

Heartwood and sapwood - branch showing 27 annual growth rings, pale sapwood and dark heartwood, and pith (centre dark spot). The dark radial lines are small knots.]]Examination of the end of a log of many species reveals a darker-colored inner portion, called the ''heartwood'' or ''duramen'', surrounded by a lighter-colored zone called the ''sapwood''. In some instances this distinction in color is very marked; in others, the contrast is slight, so that it is not always easy to tell where one leaves off and the other begins. The color of fresh sapwood is always light, sometimes nearly white, but more often with a decided tinge of yellow or brown.Sapwood is comparatively new wood, comprising living cell (biology)cells in the growing tree. All wood in a tree is first formed as sapwood. Its principal functions are to conduct water from the roots to the leafleaves and to store up and give back according to the season the food prepared in the leaves. The more leaves a tree bears and the more vigorous its growth, the larger the volume of sapwood required. Hence trees making rapid growth in the open have thicker sapwood for their size than trees of the same species growing in dense forests. Sometimes trees grown in the open may become of considerable size, 30 cm or more in diameter, before any heartwood begins to form, for example, in second-growth hickory, or open-grown pines.As a tree increases in age and diameter an inner portion of the sapwood becomes inactive and finally ceases to function, as the cells die. This inert or dead portion is called heartwood. Its name derives solely from its position and not from any vital importance to the tree. This is shown by the fact that a tree can thrive with its heart completely decayed. Some species begin to form heartwood very early in life, so having only a thin layer of live sapwood, while in others the change comes slowly. Thin sapwood is characteristic of such trees as chestnut, black locust, mulberry, osage-orange, and sassafras, while in maple, Ash treeash, hickory, hackberry, beech, and pine, thick sapwood is the rule.There is no definite relation between the annual rings of growth and the amount of sapwood. Within the same species the cross-sectional area of the sapwood is very roughly proportional to the size of the crown of the tree. If the rings are narrow, more of them are required than where they are wide. As the tree gets larger, the sapwood must necessarily become thinner or increase materially in volume. Sapwood is thicker in the upper portion of the trunk of a tree than near the base, because the age and the diameter of the upper sections are less.When a tree is very young it is covered with limbs almost, if not entirely, to the ground, but as it grows older some or all of them will eventually die and be broken off. Subsequent growth of wood may completely conceal the stubs which will however remain as knots. No matter how smooth and clear a log is on the outside, it is more or less knotty near the middle. Consequently the sapwood of an old tree, and particularly of a forest-grown tree, will be freer from knots than the heartwood. Since in most uses of wood, knots are defects that weaken the timber and interfere with its ease of working and other properties, it follows that sapwood, because of its position in the tree, may have certain advantages over heartwood.It is remarkable that the inner heartwood of old trees remains as sound as it usually does, since in many cases it is hundreds of years, and in a few instances thousands of years, old. Every broken limb or root, or deep wound from fire, insects, or falling timber, may afford an entrance for decay, which, once started, may penetrate to all parts of the trunk. The larvae of many insects bore into the trees and their tunnels remain indefinitely as sources of weakness. Whatever advantages, however, that sapwood may have in this connection are due solely to its relative age and position.If a tree grows all its life in the open and the conditions of soil and site remain unchanged, it will make its most rapid growth in youth, and gradually decline. The annual rings of growth are for many years quite wide, but later they become narrower and narrower. Since each succeeding ring is laid down on the outside of the wood previously formed, it follows that unless a tree materially increases its production of wood from year to year, the rings must necessarily become thinner as the trunk gets wider. As a tree reaches maturity its crown becomes more open and the annual wood production is lessened, thereby reducing still more the width of the growth rings. In the case of forest-grown trees so much depends upon the competition of the trees in their struggle for light and nourishment that periods of rapid and slow growth may alternate. Some trees, such as southern oaks, maintain the same width of ring for hundreds of years. Upon the whole, however, as a tree gets larger in diameter the width of the growth rings decreases.There may be decided differences in the Wood graingrain of heartwood and sapwood cut from a large tree, particularly one that is mature. In some trees, the wood laid on late in the life of a tree is softer, lighter, weaker, and more even-textured than that produced earlier, but in other species, the reverse applies. In a large log the sapwood, because of the time in the life of the tree when it was grown, may be inferior in hardness, Strength of materialsstrength, and toughness to equally sound heartwood from the same log.

Different woods - There is a strong relationship between the properties of wood and the properties of the particular tree that yielded it. For every trees species there is a range of density for the wood it yields. There is a rough correlation between density of a wood and its strength (mechanical properties). For example, while mahogany is a medium-dense hardwood which is excellent for fine furniture crafting, balsa is light, making it useful for model building. The densest wood may be Black Ironwoodblack ironwood.Wood is commonly classified as either softwood or hardwood. The wood from conifers (e.g. pine) is called softwood, and the wood from angiospermbroad-leaved trees (e.g. oak) is called hardwood. These names are a bit misleading, as hardwoods are not necessarily hard, and softwoods are not necessarily soft. The well-known balsa (a hardwood) is actually softer than any commercial softwood. Conversely, some softwoods (e.g. yew) are harder than most hardwoods.

Color - In species which show a distinct difference between heartwood and sapwood the natural color of heartwood is usually darker than that of the sapwood, and very frequently the contrast is conspicuous. This is produced by deposits in the heartwood of various materials resulting from the process of growth, increased possibly by oxidation and other chemical changes, which usually have little or no appreciable effect on the mechanical properties of the wood. Some experiments on very resinous Longleaf Pine specimens, however, indicate an increase in strength. This is due to the resin which increases the strength when dry. Such resin-saturated heartwood is called "fat lighter". Structures built of fat lighter are almost impervious to rot and termites; however they are very flammable. Stumps of old longleaf pines are often dug, split into small pieces and sold as kindling for fires. Stumps thus dug may actually remain a century or more since being cut. Spruce impregnated with crude resin and dried is also greatly increased in strength thereby. is distinctively red in colour]]Since the late wood of a growth ring is usually darker in color than the early wood, this fact may be used in judging the density, and therefore the hardness and strength of the material. This is particularly the case with coniferous woods. In ring-porous woods the vessels of the early wood not infrequently appear on a finished surface as darker than the denser late wood, though on cross sections of heartwood the reverse is commonly true. Except in the manner just stated the color of wood is no indication of strength.Abnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a diseased condition, indicating unsoundness. The black check in western Tsugahemlock is the result of insect attacks. The reddish-brown streaks so common in hickory and certain other woods are mostly the result of injury by birds. The discoloration is merely an indication of an injury, and in all probability does not of itself affect the properties of the wood. Certain rot-producing fungusfungi impart to wood characteristic colors which thus become symptomatic of weakness. Ordinary sap-staining is due to fungous growth, but does not necessarily produce a weakening effect.

Structure - floor (parquet).]]In coniferous or softwood species the wood cells are mostly of one kind, tracheids, and as a result the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most hardwoods. There are no vessels ("pores") in coniferous wood such as one sees so prominently in oak and Ash treeash, for example.The structure of the hardwoods is more complex. They are more or less filled with vessels: in some cases (oak, chestnut, Ash treeash) quite large and distinct, in others (buckeye, poplar, willow) too small to be seen plainly without a small hand lens. In discussing such woods it is customary to divide them into two large classes, ''ring-porous'' and ''diffuse-porous''. In ring-porous species, such as Ash treeash, black locust, catalpa, chestnut, elm, hickory, mulberry, and oak, the larger vessels or pores (as cross sections of vessels are called) are localized in the part of the growth ring formed in spring, thus forming a region of more or less open and porous tissue. The rest of the ring, produced in summer, is made up of smaller vessels and a much greater proportion of wood fibres. These fibres are the elements which give strength and toughness to wood, while the vessels are a source of weakness.In diffuse-porous woods the pores are scattered throughout the growth ring instead of being collected in a band or row. Examples of this kind of wood are basswood, birch, buckeye, maple, poplar, and willow. Some species, such as walnut and cherry, are on the border between the two classes, forming an intermediate group.If a heavy piece of pine is compared with a light specimen it will be seen at once that the heavier one contains a larger proportion of late wood than the other, and is therefore considerably darker. The late wood of all species is denser than that formed early in the season, hence the greater the proportion of late wood the greater the density and strength. When examined under a microscope the cells of the late wood are seen to be very thick-walled and with very small cavities, while those formed first in the season have thin walls and large cavities. The strength is in the walls, not the cavities. In choosing a piece of pine where strength or stiffness is the important consideration, the principal thing to observe is the comparative amounts of early and late wood. The width of ring is not nearly so important as the proportion of the late wood in the ring.It is not only the proportion of late wood, but also its quality, that counts. In specimens that show a very large proportion of late wood it may be noticeably more porous and weigh considerably less than the late wood in pieces that contain but little. One can judge comparative density, and therefore to some extent weight and strength, by visual inspection. tree]]No satisfactory explanation can as yet be given for the real causes underlying the formation of early and late wood. Several factors may be involved. In conifers, at least, rate of growth alone does not determine the proportion of the two portions of the ring, for in some cases the wood of slow growth is very hard and heavy, while in others the opposite is true. The quality of the site where the tree grows undoubtedly affects the character of the wood formed, though it is not possible to formulate a rule governing it. In general, however, it may be said that where strength or ease of working is essential, woods of moderate to slow growth should be chosen. But in choosing a particular specimen it is not the width of ring, but the proportion and character of the late wood which should govern.In the case of the ring-porous hardwoods there seems to exist a pretty definite relation between the rate of growth of timber and its properties. This may be briefly summed up in the general statement that the more rapid the growth or the wider the rings of growth, the heavier, harder, stronger, and stiffer the wood. This, it must be remembered, applies only to ring-porous woods such as oak, ash, hickory, and others of the same group, and is, of course, subject to some exceptions and limitations.In ring-porous woods of good growth it is usually the middle portion of the ring in which the thick-walled, strength-giving fibres are most abundant. As the breadth of ring diminishes, this middle portion is reduced so that very slow growth produces comparatively light, porous wood composed of thin-walled vessels and wood parenchyma. In good oak these large vessels of the early wood occupy from 6 to 10 per cent of the volume of the log, while in inferior material they may make up 25 per cent or more. The late wood of good oak, except for radial grayish patches of small pores, is dark colored and firm, and consists of thick-walled fibres which form one-half or more of the wood. In inferior oak, such fibre areas are much reduced both in quantity and quality. Such variation is very largely the result of rate of growth.Wide-ringed wood is often called "second-growth", because the growth of the young timber in open stands after the old trees have been removed is more rapid than in trees in the forest, and in the manufacture of articles where strength is an important consideration such "second-growth" hardwood material is preferred. This is particularly the case in the choice of hickory for handles and spokes. Here not only strength, but toughness and resilience are important. The results of a series of tests on hickory by the U.S. Forest Service show that: :"The work or shock-resisting ability is greatest in wide-ringed wood that has from 5 to 14 rings per inch (rings 1.8-5 millimetremm thick), is fairly constant from 14 to 38 rings per inch (rings 0.7-1.8 mm thick), and decreases rapidly from 38 to 47 rings per inch (rings 0.5-0.7 mm thick). The strength at maximum load is not so great with the most rapid-growing wood; it is maximum with from 14 to 20 rings per inch (rings 1.3-1.8 mm thick), and again becomes less as the wood becomes more closely ringed. The natural deduction is that wood of first-class mechanical value shows from 5 to 20 rings per inch (rings 1.3-5 mm thick) and that slower growth yields poorer stock. Thus the inspector or buyer of hickory should discriminate against timber that has more than 20 rings per inch (rings less than 1.3 mm thick). Exceptions exist, however, in the case of normal growth upon dry situations, in which the slow-growing material may be strong and tough."The effect of rate of growth on the qualities of chestnut wood is summarized by the same authority as follows::"When the rings are wide, the transition from spring wood to summer wood is gradual, while in the narrow rings the spring wood passes into summer wood abruptly. The width of the spring wood changes but little with the width of the annual ring, so that the narrowing or broadening of the annual ring is always at the expense of the summer wood. The narrow vessels of the summer wood make it richer in wood substance than the spring wood composed of wide vessels. Therefore, rapid-growing specimens with wide rings have more wood substance than slow-growing trees with narrow rings. Since the more the wood substance the greater the weight, and the greater the weight the stronger the wood, chestnuts with wide rings must have stronger wood than chestnuts with narrow rings. This agrees with the accepted view that sprouts (which always have wide rings) yield better and stronger wood than seedling chestnuts, which grow more slowly in diameter."In diffuse-porous woods, as has been stated, the vessels or pores are scattered throughout the ring instead of collected in the early wood. The effect of rate of growth is, therefore, not the same as in the ring-porous woods, approaching more nearly the conditions in the conifers. In general it may be stated that such woods of medium growth afford stronger material than when very rapidly or very slowly grown. In many uses of wood, strength is not the main consideration. If ease of working is prized, wood should be chosen with regard to its uniformity of texture and straightness of Wood graingrain, which will in most cases occur when there is little contrast between the late wood of one season's growth and the early wood of the next.

Water content - Water occurs in living wood in three conditions, namely: (1) in the cell walls, (2) in the protoplasmic contents of the Cell (biology)cells, and (3) as free water in the cell cavities and spaces. In heartwood it occurs only in the first and last forms. Wood that is thoroughly air-dried retains from 8-16% of water in the cell walls, and none, or practically none, in the other forms. Even oven-dried wood retains a small percentage of moisture, but for all except chemical purposes, may be considered absolutely dry.The general effect of the water content upon the wood substance is to render it softer and more pliable. A similar effect of common observation is in the softening action of water on paper or cloth. Within certain limits the greater the water content the greater its softening effect.Drying produces a decided increase in the strength of wood, particularly in small specimens. An extreme example is the case of a completely dry spruce block 5 cm in section, which will sustain a permanent load four times as great as that which a green block of the same size will support.The greatest increase due to drying is in the ultimate crushing strength, and strength at elastic limit in endwise compression; these are followed by the modulus of rupture, and stress at elastic limit in cross-bending, while the modulus of elasticity is least affected.

See also -

Tree

List of woods

Forestry

Woodworm

Wood plastic composite

Engineered wood

Wood as a medium

plywood

References -

Hoadley, R. Bruce. (2000) ''Understanding Wood: A Craftsman’s Guide to Wood Technology''. Taunton Press. ISBN 1-56158-358-8

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Products Laboratory. ''fpl.fs.fed.us - The Wood Handbook: Wood as an engineering material''. General Technical Report 113. Madison, WI.

External links -

woodbin.com - WoodBin info on different kinds of wood

wood.rleeden.no-ip.com - Wood Identification Website

internationalpaper.com - How Paper Is Made

trada.co.uk - TRADA: Timber Research And Development Association

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We are committed to unprecedented service to enhance the ability of artists to exhibit artwork worldwide. We are working to expand the availability of artwork and designs to art buyers everywhere. Our dedication will allow a growing web within our society to one of the most respected traditions done in the world.
http://www.artistsink.net/

Hardwood Brokers for Hard Wood Flooring
Get great deals from our hardwood flooring specialists! Here at Hardwood Brokers, we'll find the right hard wood flooring deal for your needs.
http://www.hardwoodbrokers.com/

Grafted Coatings, Inc. - KTM® Waterborne Coatings for Interior and Exterior.
Grafted Coatings offers a variety of products to make your finishing of wood,metals, fiberglass and/or products made of plastics such as cellular pvc, poly...EASY. Standard colors are available online and custom colors are available to match your color needs. Ideal for fiberglass, steel entry doors, composite molded doors and even primed trim and windows. Transform ordinary molded doors that are embossed into elegant wood-grained doors in two easy steps. Ideal for the professional or Do-It-Yourself painter.
http://www.graftedcoatings.com/

HERITAGE HICKORY GOLF COLLECTIBLES
SELLING ALL ASPECTS OF ANTIQUE GOLF COLLECTIBLES GOLF CLUBS GOLF BALLS BOOKS AND MORE
http://www.heritagehickory.com/

California Umbrella Inc.
California Umbrella, Inc. has been producing high quality patio umbrellas and frames for over 50 years. The California Umbrella trademark is immediately recognized for its standard in engineering and innovation among all the brands in the United States. As a leader in the industry we strive to provide you with products and service that will satisfy even the most demanding consumers. Our umbrellas are constructed to give the consumer many years of pleasure and our canopy designs are limited only by the imagination.
http://www.californiaumbrella.com/

DrechselKeller Einhausen
Die Website rund um's Holz
http://www.drechselkeller.de/

Packaging
Design, production and distribution of packaging materials, including paperboard, foams, and plastics
http://www.jarrettindustries.com/

Original sculptures in wood
Original sculptures by polish artist. Good price for new art.
http://www.rzezby.pl/

Ethnix African &Tribal Arts
A virtual museum of African Art based on Ethnographic fieldwork and research. Many forms of traditional and ritual masks and statues. Including a comprehensive inventory of hand made utilitarian objects, textiles and jewelry.
http://www.ethnix.com/

Kitchen Cabinets by Pinnacle
All wood kitchen and bath cabinets, ready to assemble, very affordable, vanity, laundry, other rooms
http://www.pinnaclecabinets.com/

Distinctive phones for home and office
Full line of origional antique telephones, reproduction telephones for both home and office
http://www.distinctivetelephones.com/

The Carving Shop
Hand carved custom designs used in architectural design or decoration. We can work from your designs or create an original design to fit your need. We select woods from around the world designed to fit the application producing that one of a kind original artwork. We ship worldwide.
http://www.thecarvingshop.com/

International Polyurethane Systems Inc.
A polyurethane systems house specializing in 2 component spray-coatings for box-liners and industrial applications as well as single component for pour-in-place.
http://www.ipsinc.com/

Fancy That Design
Custom wooden packaging
http://www.fancythatdesign.com/

Puzzle Master
URL: www.puzzlemaster.ca Title: Puzzle Master Description: Puzzle Master has a large and unique collection of wire and wood brain teasers. In addition to this they also carry specialty jigsaws and chess sets.
http://www.puzzlemaster.ca/

The German Artist Otto Flath
A page about the painter and woodcarver Otto Fath, who produced more than 3000 big Carvings and about 20.000 (!) paintings. More Information also at: http://www.venner-verlag.de
http://www.otto-flath.de/

PFL WoodWorking
Hand Crafted Fine woodworking by PFL, I will endeavor to build you the exact piece of Hand Crafted Wooden heirloom quality one-of-a-kind Jewelry box, Ornamental Box or piece of Fine Furniture you've always wanted. I can work from drawings, pictures or your imagination. I will always give you the highest level quality for the type of project you and I are creating.
http://www.pflwoodworking.com/

Cracker Barrel Display Company
Antique Wood furniture and store fixtures. Old wood construction with modern conveniences. Wooden display stands, wooden barrels, baskets, wheels, ladders.
http://www.cb-sales.com/

ESL Hardwood Floors
ESL Hardwood Flooring Boise Idaho Buy hardwood floors.Do it yourself.Bamboo,engineered,prefinished
http://www.flooringhardwood.com/

S & W Pest Control Plus
Your FULL SERVICE Pest Control company. We handle ALL types, from rodents (rats, bats, snakes, etc), termites, general pests, you name it we can get rid of them for you. We also handle many types of handyman services. Just give us a call at 1-800-Pest Control!!
http://www.swpestcontrolplus.com/

PT.Saka Abiyuda
We are known as PT. SAKA ABIYUDA, company of which tasks are mostly related to Building/ Structure Construction, and we also organize some divisions on some other different growing businesses namely: the Architects (Consulting, Planning & Supervising) General Contractor (Civil Works, Architecture, and ME & P) Specializing on Woodworking (Interior & Furniture, Wooden House, Shingle/Wooden Roof , Frames & Doors, etc) Building Maintenance & Management (Cleaning Service, Pest Control, etc) We had export some of timber product to other country as follows : * Wooden House - New Caledonia, Australia * Gazebo - Turks & Caicos Island * Furniture & Flooring - Germany * Doors & Window - Club Med , Tahiti & Maldives
http://www.sakaabiyuda.com/

Hendricks Guitars
Handcrafted electric guitars and basses
http://www.hendricks-guitars.com/

log mantels,rustic fireplace mantel,rustic mantel,rustic log mantel,timber mantel,antique wood mantels,timber mantels,mantel,mantle,mantels,mantles
log mantel,rustic mantels,rustic log mantels,rustic fireplace mantel,mantle,mantel,mantels,mantles,timber mantel,fireplace mantel shelf,rustic
http://www.rusticlogmantels.com

holsteine
famos historical sights in angeln&sachsen.a website for anyone intrested the root of angelsaxon art.
http://holsteine.de

Ron Wells Woodcarving
Carving, Blanks, and The Ron Wells Carving Knife
http://www.ronwellswoodcarving.com/

Gummy Lump Toys
Enormous selection of wooden toys, puzzles, soft toys, ride-ons, wagons, and children's furniture. Featuring toys by Melissa & Doug, Kidkraft, Gund, Haba and more.
http://www.gummylump.com/

Successful Home Building Training Program
This course is for anyone interested in building a well-designed, energy-efficient home and saving up to 20% of the cost. That's an unbelievable savings of $30,000 on a $150,000 home! You'll receive: 15-chapter, 200-page Successful Home Building manual. 7 hours of audio instruction, professionally recorded by Morris Brown on 5 CD's. Bonus CD with all of the forms, procedures, schedules, and contracts needed to successfully build your own home, or become a professional builder. This course walks you step-by-step through the entire home building process (see detailed course outline below). Review the manual at home and listen to the CD's at home, or traveling to and from work. Learning to build a custom home has never been easier!
http://www.buildinghomes.com/

Boat Plans for home builders
Online catalogs of boat plans and supplies, how-to articles and news letters, thousands of builder photos, boat builder forum.
http://www.glen-l.com

log mantels,rustic fireplace mantel,rustic mantel,rustic log mantel,timber mantel,antique wood mantels,timber mantels,mantel,mantle,mantels,mantles
log mantel,rustic mantels,rustic log mantels,rustic fireplace mantel,mantle,mantel,mantels,mantles,timber mantel,fireplace mantel shelf,rustic
http://www.countreeliving.com

welkom to 3d Art
Making 3d paintings from real leather from your own body, ore bodypart what you will like in the colours you like,also possibel from your own motorcycle. We also make temporary tattoos, you can invite us to do that on a popconcert, campingplace disco, ore at your own business. special motive ore text is possibel but also we have wooden erotic statues and gadgets
http://www.3-d-art.nl/

Katahdin Cedar Log Homes
Katahdin Cedar Log Homes offers the best in cedar log homes. Visit us on line to view over 400 plans, browse our photographs to help you define your dream home. Learn why cedar is the better choice over pine. Custom design services are available
http://www.katahdincedarloghomes.com/

Eder Paul & Robert - Wood carvings
Production of religious figures and univrsal woodcarvings, unique pieces, nativity sets, animals, chests, mirrors, as well as stylisch and rustic lighting appliances.
http://www.woodcarvings.org/

Site de Promotion Internationale de l'Artisanat du Burkina Faso
Ce site web à pour objet principal d'être la vitrine de l'Artisanat burkinabè. Il se veut le lieu de rencontre des artisans du burkina pour la valorisation de l'objet artisanal. Ici se retrouvent les meilleurs produits des plus grands artisans du Pays des hommes Intègres (le burkina Faso.)
http://www.artisanat-burkina.com/

CARBONE VEGETALE
WLT, operando la sua produzione in Argentina, secondo le normative legali del posto, e nel pieno rispetto delle ultime direttive sulla tutela dell'ambiente*, è il partner ideale per il Carbone di legna di Alta Qualità, per griglia, barbecue, ristorante, ecc.
http://www.wlt.it/

Geodesic Domes for Homes, Business and Churches
easily constructed domes from 26' to 82 diameter with Super-Wal construction of 15+ thickness for R 45+ insulation and warm & attractive wood paneling. Custom floor plans and skylights available. Very reasonable prices.
http://www.domesnorthwest.com/

Hamburg Mawingu Collection (HMC)
A collection of contemporary East African Makonde art feat. the well-known artist George Lilanga
http://www.makonde.tv/

Dharma Sculpture
Sells Tibetan, Nepali and Indonsian Boddhisattva and Buddha Statues
http://www.dharmasculpture.com/

Fusari peintre decorateur fresques
Fusari peintre décorateur réalise peintures et patines décoratives, reproduction bois et marbres, fresques, trompe-l'oeil, décors, meubles peints, dorure, restauration, tableaux.
http://www.fusari-art.com

Nelss Timber Trading division
Nelss Ltd., is the biggest national timber Company in Latvia employing over 350 employees and is a leading sawmilling Comapny in Baltic States with a good reputation for quality products and unsurpassed customer service.
http://www.nelss.com/

Wood Shop Network
Woodshop Network presents a gallery full of screen doors and storm-convertible models to enhance any entry. The look alone is a breath of fresh air! Our solid vinyl doors offer all the charm of a traditional screen door plus modern easy care convenience. They come complete with matching frames for quick, easy installation and will never, ever need paint; they clean up beautifully with just soap & water. All our vinyl doors are built with solid PVC extrusion - not vinyl clad. This ensures more consistent quality and a more stable fit. Visit all our screen door sections today, for the full story on buying doors with solid wood or vinyl. Upgrade Your Investment with our New Super Screen or TexTilene Pet Resistant Screen Fabric. Need to save on your heating and cooling bills, check out our SOLAR Screen Section. Great Prices.. for you.
http://www.woodshopnetwork.com/

Sure Drive USA
Manufacturer and Distributor of construction and woodworking fasteners.
http://www.suredrive.com/

WOOD Online
Woodworking member of the Better Homes and Gardens family of magazines featuring how-to project instructions, techniques, tool reviews, wood technology, and craftsman profiles.
http://woodmagazine.com

Woodweb
Woodworking industry resource.
http://www.woodweb.com/

The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
Private foundation dedicated to improving health and healthcare for Americans. Details on grant applications, information on grantees, and reports on the results of funded programs as well as Foundation press releases, publications and reports.
http://www.rwjf.org/

APA - The Engineered Wood Association
Engineered wood information, especially structural wood panels.
http://www.apawood.org/

WOOD 8
Grand Rapids. Community calendar, news, weather, and sports.
http://www.woodtv.com/

Wood, Audrey
(Official site) Award-winning children's book author and several illustrators explain how children's books are created. Site also includes a brief biography of Audrey Wood, answers to frequently asked questions, and overviews of her books.
http://www.audreywood.com/