Dictionary
a bluish-white lustrous metallic element brittle at ordinary temperatures but malleable when heated used in a wide variety of alloys and in galvanizing iron it occurs naturally as zinc sulphide in zinc blende coat or cover with zinc
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Wikipedia
30 symbol=Zn name=zinc left=copper right=gallium above=- below=cadmiumCd color1=#ffc0c0 color2=black Elementbox_series transition metals 12 period=4 block=d Elementbox_appearance_img Zn,30 bluish pale gray Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm 1 E-25 kg65.409(4) Elementbox_econfig [argonAr] 3d10 4s2 Elementbox_epershell 2, 8, 18, 2 #ffc0c0 color2=black Elementbox_phase solid Elementbox_density_gpcm3nrt 7.14 Elementbox_densityliq_gpcm3mp 6.57 692.68 c=419.53 f=787.15 1180 c=907 f=1665 Elementbox_heatfusion_kjpmol 7.32 Elementbox_heatvaporiz_kjpmol 123.6 !Elementbox_heatcapacity_jpmolk at25? 25.390 #ffc0c0 color2=black Elementbox_crystalstruct hexagonal Elementbox_oxistates 2
(Amphoteric (chemistry)amphoteric oxide) Elementbox_electroneg_pauling 1.65 Elementbox_ionizationenergies4 906.4 1733.3 3833 Elementbox_atomicradius_pm 1 E-10 m135 Elementbox_atomicradiuscalc_pm 1 E-10 m142 Elementbox_covalentradius_pm 1 E-10 m131 Elementbox_vanderwaalsrad_pm 1 E-10 m139 #ffc0c0 color2=black Elementbox_magnetic diamagnetismdiamagnetic Elementbox_eresist_ohmmat20 59.0 n !Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat3 00k? 116 !Elementbox_thermalexpansion_um pmkat25? 30.2 !Elementbox_speedofsound_rodmps atrt? (rolled) 3850 Elementbox_youngsmodulus_gpa 108 Elementbox_shearmodulus_gpa 43 Elementbox_bulkmodulus_gpa 70 Elementbox_poissonratio 0.25 Elementbox_mohshardness 2.5 Elementbox_brinellhardness_mpa 412 Elementbox_cas_number 7440-66-6 zinc color1=#ffc0c0 color2=black 64 sym=Zn na=48.6% n=34 65 sym=Zn na=synthetic radioisotopesyn hl=1 E7 s244.26 dayd dm1=electron captureε de1=- pn1=65 ps1=copperCu dm2=gamma radiationγ de2=1.1155 pn2= ps2=- 66 sym=Zn na=27.9% n=36 67 sym=Zn na=4.1% n=37 68 sym=Zn na=18.8% n=38 69 sym=Zn na=synthetic radioisotopesyn hl=56.4 min dm=Beta decayβ- de=0.906 pn=69 ps=galliumGa 70 sym=Zn na=0.6% n=40 Elementbox_isotopes_end #ffc0c0 color2=black Zinc (from German ''Zink'' and may be from Old Persian ) is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Zn and atomic number 30.
Notable characteristics - Zinc is a moderately reactive metal that will combine with oxygen and other non-metals, and will react with dilute acids to release hydrogen. The one common oxidation state of zinc is +2.
Applications - Zinc is the fourth most common metal in use, trailing only iron, aluminium, and copper in annual production. Zinc is used to galvanizationgalvanize metals such as steel to prevent corrosion. Zinc is used in alloys such as brass, nickeled silver, typewriter metal, various soldering formulas, German silver, etc. Zinc is the primary metal used in making American Penny (U.S. coin)pennies since 1982. Zinc is used in die casting noteably in the automobile industry. Zinc is used as part of the containers of battery (electricity)batteries. Zinc oxide is used as a white pigment in watercolors or paints, and as an activator in the rubber industry. As an over-the-counter ointment, it is applied as a thin coating on the exposed skin of the face or nose to prevent dehydration of the area of skin. It can protect against sunburn in the summer and windburn in the winter. Applied thinly to a baby's diaper area (perineum) with each diaper change, it can protect against rash. As determined in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study, it's part of an effective treatment for age-related macular degeneration in some cases. Zinc chloride is used as a deodorant and can be used as a wood preservative. Zinc sulfide is used in luminescenceluminescent pigments such as on the hands of clocks and other items that glow in the dark. Zinc methyl !(Zn(CH3 )2)? is used in a number of organic chemical synthesissyntheses. Zinc stearate is a lubricative plastic additive. Lotions made of calamine, a mix of Zn-(hydroxy-)carbonates and silicates, are used to treat skin rash. Zinc metal is included in most single tablet over-the-counter daily vitamin and mineral suplements. It is believed to possess anti-oxidant properties, which protect against premature aging of the skin and muscles of the body. In larger amounts, taken as zinc alone in other proprietaries, it is believed by some to speed up the healing process after an injury. Preparations include zinc acetate and zinc gluconate. Zinc gluconate glycine is used as a lozenge in an attempt to remedy the common cold.
A popular misconception - The characteristic metal Bar (counter)counters of traditional FranceFrench Bar (establishment)bars are often referred to as zinc bars or simply zinc, but in fact zinc has never been used for this purpose and the counters are actually made of an alloy of lead and tin.
History - Zinc alloys have been used for centuries, as brass goods dating to 1000s BC1000-1400s BC1400 BC have been found in Palestine (region)Palestine and zinc objects with 87% zinc have been found in prehistoric Transylvania. Because of the low boiling point and high chemical reactivity of this metal (isolated zinc would tend to go up the chimney rather than be captured), the true nature of this metal was not understood in ancient times. The manufacture of brass was known to the Ancient RomeRomans by about 30 BC, using a technique where calamine and copper were heated together in a crucible. The zinc oxides in calamine were reduced, and the free zinc metal was trapped by the copper, forming an alloy. The resulting calamine brass was either cast or hammered into shape.Smelting and extraction of impure forms of zinc was being accomplished as early as AD 1000 in India and China. By the end of the 14th century, the Hindus were aware of the existence of zinc as a metal separate from the seven known to the ancients. In the West, impure zinc as a remnant in melting ovens was known since Antiquity, but usually thrown away as worthless. Strabo mentions it as ''pseudo-arguros'' "mock silver". The Berne Zinc tablet is a votive plaque dating to Roman Gaul, probably made from such zinc remnants. The discovery of pure metallic zinc is most often credited to the German Andreas Sigismund MarggrafAndreas Marggraf, in the year 1746, though the whole story is considerably more involved.Descriptions of brass manufacture are found in Western Europe in the writings of Albertus Magnus, c. 1248, and by the 16th century, the understanding and awareness of the new metal broadened considerably. Georg Agricola observed, in 1546, that a white metal could be condensed and scraped off the walls of a furnace when zinc ores were smelted. He added in his notes that a similar metal called "zincum" was being produced in Silesia. Paracelsus (died 1541) was the first in the West to say that "zincum" was a new metal and that it had a separate set of chemical properties from other known metals.The upshot is that zinc was known by the time Marggraf made his discoveries and in fact zinc had been isolated two years earlier by another chemist, Anton von Swab. However, Marggraf's reports were exhaustive and methodical and the quality of his research cemented his reputation as the discoverer of zinc.Before the discovery of the zinc sulfide flotation technique, calamine was the mineral source of zinc metal.
Biological role - Zinc is an essential element, necessary for sustaining all life. It is estimated that 3000 of the hundreds of thousands of proteins in the human body contain zinc.
Food Sources - The best and most abundant natural food source of zinc is oysters, although these bottom scavengers also accumulate toxic metals. Zinc is found in most animal proteins such as beef, pork and poultry. Other food sources of zinc include beans, nuts, whole grains, pumpkin seeds and sunflower seeds. Phytates, which are found in whole grain breads, cereals, legumes and other products, have been known to decrease zinc absorption. This, coupled with the fact that the human body absorbs zinc more easily from animal protein than from plant protein means that vegetarians are required to eat many more food sources containing zinc than non-vegetarians.
Zinc Deficiency - Zinc deficiency in humans is often a result of inadequate intake of zinc, or inadequate absorption of zinc into the body. Signs of zinc deficiency includes hair loss, skin lesions, diarrhea, wasting of body tissues, and, eventually, death. Eyesight, taste, smell and memory are also connected with zinc and a deficiency in zinc can cause malfunctions of these organs and functions.Obtaining a sufficient zinc intake during pregnancy and in young children is a very real problem, especially among those who cannot afford a good supply of meat and a varied diet. Brain develepment is stunted by zinc insufficiency in utero and in youth.There is zinc in semen. As much as half a milligram of zinc will be found in 1 mL of seminal fluid, which explains why males require a higher intake of zinc than do females thehormoneshop.com. Zinc deficiency in males can lead to reduced sperm count and sex drive, but this is probably just a by-product of the general malaise of advanced malnutrition. There is no evidence that zinc supplements enhance male sexuality in males who have adequate general nutrition.
Zinc Toxicity - Even though zinc is almost an essential requirement for a healthy body, too much zinc can be harmful to the human body. Excessive absorption of zinc into the human body can lead to reduced iron function, and impair the immune system. Experiments have also been conducted where the excessive intake of zinc led to nausea and vomiting within 30 minutes of ingestion.
Psoriasis - Since Zinc deficiency can cause hair loss, many naturopathic health products and topical creams used to treat psoriasis contain zinc as one of the ingredients.
Immune System - According to some sources, taking zinc tablets may provide some immunity against common coldcolds and influenzaflu, although this is disputed. The biological basis of this is that it has been established that the immune system is impaired by zinc deficiency and so will respond to zinc supplements. The direct effect of zinc (as in lozenges) on bacteria and viruses is also well-established, and has been used since at least 2000 BC, from when zinc salts in palliative salves are documented. However, exactly how to deliver zinc salts against pathogens (germs) without injuring one's own tissues is still being investigated.
Abundance - Zinc is the 23rd most abundant element in the earth's crust. The most heavily mined ores tend to contain roughly 10% iron as well as 40-50% zinc. Minerals from which zinc is extracted include sphalerite, zinc blende, smithsonite, calamine, and franklinite.
Zinc production - There are zinc mines throughout the world, with the largest producers being Australia, Canada, China, Peru and the U.S.A. Mines in Europe include Vieille Montagne in Belgium, Tara in Ireland, and Zinkgruvan in Sweden.Zinc metal is produced using extractive metallurgy. Zinc sulfide (sphalerite) minerals are concentrated using the froth flotation method and then usually roasted using pyrometallurgy to oxidise the zinc sulfide to zinc oxide. The zinc oxide is leached in sulfuric acid and the resulting solution is purified using zinc dust. The metal is then extracted by electrowinning as cathodic deposits. Zinc cathodes can be directly cast or alloyed with aluminum. Another process to produce zinc is flash smelting, a pyrometallurgical process. Then zinc oxide is obtained, usually producing zinc of lesser quality than the hydrometallurgical process.Zinc oxide treatment has much fewer applications, but high grade deposits have been successful in producing zinc from zinc oxides and zinc carbonates using hydrometallurgy.
Compounds - Zinc oxide is perhaps the best known and most widely used zinc compound, as it makes a good base for white pigments in paint. It also finds industrial use in the rubber industry, and is sold as opaque sunscreen. A variety of other zinc compounds find use industrially, such as zinc chloride (in deodorants), zinc sulfide (in luminescent paints), and zinc methyl in the organic laboratory. Roughly one quarter of all zinc output is consumed in the form of zinc compounds.
Isotopes - Naturally occurring zinc is composed of the 5 stable isotopes Zn-64, Zn-66, Zn-67, Zn-68, and Zn-70 with 64 being the most abundant (48.6% natural abundance). 21 radioisotopes have been characterized with the most being Zn-65 with a half-life of 244.26 days, and Zn-72 with a half-life of 46.5 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 14 hours and the majority of these have half lives that are less than 1 second. This element also has 4 meta states.
Precautions - Metallic zinc is not considered to be toxic, but there is a condition called ''zinc shakes'' or ''zinc chills'' that can be induced by the inhalation of freshly formed zinc oxide. Excessive intake of zinc can promote deficiency in other dietary minerals.
References - periodic.lanl.gov - Los Alamos National Laboratory - Zinc
External links - CommonsZinc vanderkrogt.net - History & Etymology of Zinc? best-home-remedies.com - Zinc Information - Benefits, Deficiency Symptoms And Food Sourceswebelements.com - WebElements.com – Zinc!chinese-school.netfirms.com - Zinc – History, sources, production, uses, health, and Zinc deficiencyiza.com - Discovering the 8th metalminerals.er.usgs.gov - Statistics and Information from the U.S. Geological SurveyCategory:Chemical elementsCategory:Transition metalsCategory:Pyrotechnic !chemicalsbg:Цинкca:Zinccs: Zinekcy:Sincda:Zink? !(grundstof)de:Zinket:Tsinkes:Z inceo:Zinkofa:روی? !(فلز)fr:Zincio:Zinkoid:Zink is:Sinkit:Zincohe:אבץku:Ç nkola:Zincumlv:Cinksmi:Konute anl:Zink? !(element)ja:亜鉛no:Sinknn:Si nkoc:Zincpl:Cynkpt:Zincoro:Zin cru:Цинкsimple:Zincsk:Zino ksl:Cinksr:Цинкfi:Sinkkisv :Zinkth:สังกะสีv i:Kẽmuk:Цинкzh:锌
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Websites
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Cypress Development Corp.
Cypress Development Corp. is a Canadian precious and base metal exploration company developing 2 gold projects in Red Lake, Ontario, Canada, and a zinc project, a silver/copper project, and 2 gold projects in Nevada, U.S.A.
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SHANPAR INDUSTRIES PVT.LTD.
Manufacturer of Nutraceuticals, Mineral Fortifiers, Feed Additives & Speciality Chemicals
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Wolf Trax Innovative Micronutrients
Wolf Trax is a manufacturer of leading edge plant nutrition products. These innovative micronutrients provide a distinct and unique advantage for agricultural and horticultural retailers, and their customers.
http://www.farmtested.com/
American Zinc Association
Trade organization comprised of primary and secondary producers of zinc metal, zinc oxide and zinc dust marketed in the United States.
http://www.zinc.org/
Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center - National Institutes of Health
The center for clinical research of the NIH. Includes general and patient information and organization resources. Located in Bethesda.
http://www.cc.nih.gov/
International Zinc Association
The voice of the world zinc industry.
http://www.iza.com
Zinc Bar
Down steep stairs and through a velvet curtain, but don't bother unless you intend to become a regular.
http://www.zincbar.com/
International Lead and Zinc Study Group
An intergovernmental organization which regularly brings together twenty-eight member countries in an international forum to exchange information on lead and zinc.
http://www.ilzsg.org/
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